T Lymphocytes in Atherosclerotic Lesions^a

Endothelial Cell-Specific NF-κB Inhibition Protects Mice from Atherosclerosis

“…Advanced atherosclerotic lesions gradually accumulate T cells (Watanabe et al, 1995), which are generally considered to have proatherogenic functions (Zhou, 2003). Immunostaining of aortic sinus sections with anti-CD3 antibodies revealed a 40% reduction of T cell numbers in plaques from NEMO EC-KO /ApoE À/À mice compared to ApoE À/À controls (Figure 1E), showing that NEMO ablation in endothelial cells inhibits the accumulation of T cells in atherosclerotic lesions.…”

“…Activated endothelial cells express chemotactic factors and adhesion molecules, attracting monocytes to migrate into the subendothelial space, where they differentiate into macrophages and phagocytose lipids, eventually becoming lipid-laden foam cells (Hansson, 2005;Hansson and Libby, 2006). Besides macrophages, activated T lymphocytes also accumulate in atheromatous plaques (Benagiano et al, 2003;de Boer et al, 1999;Watanabe et al, 1995), where they are believed to have proatherogenic functions (Zhou, 2003).…”

Inflammation and Cellular Immune Responses in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

“…34,64,68 T cells and macrophages may affect atherogenesis by producing various cytokines that induce either matrix synthesis or degradation. In particular, different T-cell subsets secrete IFN-␥ or IL-4 that drive opposing effects on a variety of biological processes.…”

Heat equilibrium distribution in a turbulent flow

“…Turbulent flows are usually non-homogeneous and non-isotropic at a macro scale. However, if a flow satisfying Kolmogorov assumptions is created then the spectral Kolmogorov law is satisfied in the inertial range [31]. Nevertheless, it is common for flows in nature that Kolmogorov assumptions are not satisfied (for some studies of such turbulent flows see [32] [33]).…”