Tactual Reading of Political Maps by Blind Students

Berla, Edward P.; Butterfield, Lawrence H.; Murr, Marvin J.

doi:10.1177/002246697601000307

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In a subsequent experiment the superiority of this strategy was confirmed. Also, in tactile map research it has been shown that some aspects of spontaneous exploration, such as line following and shape distinction, predict the quality of the map reader (Berla et al 1976). Furthermore, it has been found that, in general, humans use a variety of spontaneous exploratory procedures in order to perceive various 3-D object properties (Lederman and Klatzky 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angle Discrimination in Raised-Line Drawings

Wijntjes

Kappers

2007

Perception

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Abstract. We investigated the angular resolution subserving the haptic perception of raised-line drawings by measuring how accurately observers could discriminate between two angle sizes under various conditions. We found that, for acute angles, discrimination performance is highly dependent on exploration strategy: mean thresholds of 2.98 and 6.08 were found for two different exploration strategies. For one of the strategies we found that discriminability is not dependent on the bisector orientation of the angle. Furthermore, we found that thresholds almost double when the angular extent is increased from 208 to 1358. We also found that local apex information has a significant influence on discrimination for acute as well as obtuse angles. In the last experiment we investigated the influence of depiction mode but did not find any effect. Overall, the results tell us that the acuity with which angles in raised-line drawings are perceived is determined by the exploration strategy, local apex information, and global angular extent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angle Discrimination in Raised-Line Drawings

Wijntjes

Kappers

2007

Perception

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“…For example, Berlá (1972) asked participants to follow a path through a "pseudo-map" that consisted of various abstract shapes, textures, and symbols, and while they were tracing the path, they were asked to describe the strategies that they were using. In another study, Berlá et al (1976) designed "maps" that were made by arbitrarily joining together the outlines of some of the states of the United States, and participants were asked to search for specific states. From observing the strategies used in such studies, Berlá (1973Berlá ( , 1981 argued that the most effective way to encode map information was by using a vertical scanning strategy.…”

Section: How Do People With Visual Impairments Encode Tactile Map Infmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dodds 1989;Hampson and Daly 1989;Golledge 1991), only one or two researchers have investigated Map Use by Adults with Visual Impairments how adults actually use tactile maps. For example, Leonard and Newman (1970) considered the effectiveness of different types of maps for route finding, and Berlá et al (1976) examined the strategies that adolescents used when reading a map. But with the exception of such early studies, most research related to tactile maps has concentrated on aspects of map design and production (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

Map Use by Adults with Visual Impairments

Blades

Ungar

Spencer

1999

The Professional Geographer

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In this paper we summarize five experiments that were designed to investigate how tactile maps contribute to the cognitive maps of people with visual impairments. In two experiments we demonstrated that tactile maps can contribute to peoples' ability to learn a route through an unfamiliar area. From the results of two further studies, we argue that compared to people with sight, people with visual impairments have greater difficulty encoding information from a map. We considered this directly in a fifth experiment by investigating how people with visual impairments search and learn a map. We found that they used less efficient strategies than people with sight. We conclude that tactile maps are an important source of geographical information when people need to learn about new environments, but we also point out that to benefit most from tactile maps people need to encode the map information as effectively as possible. As people with visual impairments do not always use the most appropriate encoding strategies we suggest that tactile map users might benefit from greater experience and training in map encoding strategies.

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“…Nolan and Morris (1971) suggest that tactile map reading should start from the edges of the image and with a gross scan of the map, to be followed by using both hands to trace map detail. In contrast studies by Berlà and his associates recommend the use of just the index nger (Berlà & Murr, 1976a and b;Berlà, Butter eld & Murr, 1976). Bentzen (1980) encourages the use of free exploration of the map's detail, whilst Kikuza (1989) suggests gaining an overview, with systematic investigation using two hands, followed up by more detailed investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%