Tang-Ping-San Decoction Remodel Intestinal Flora and Barrier to Ameliorate Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rodent Model

Abstract

Purpose Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex genetic disease associated with genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies have shown that changes in the gut microbiota may affect the development of host metabolic diseases and promote the progression of T2DM. Tang-ping-san (TPS) decoction can effectively treat T2DM. However, its specific mechanisms must be evaluated. Patients and Methods In the present study, we established an animal model of T2DM using a high‑fat diet (HFD) with intraperitoneal injection streptozotocin injection. Results The therapeutic effect of TPS decoction on T2DM in mice was initially evaluated. TPS decoction was found to improve hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and pathological liver, pancreatic, and colon changes. Moreover, it reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Based on 16SrRNA sequencing, TPS decoction reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio at the phylum level. At the genus level, it increased the relative abundances of Akkermansia, Muribaculaceae , and the Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group and decreased the relative abundance of Fusobacterium, Escherichia coli, Dubosiella , and Helicobacter . Conclusion TPS decoction improves T2DM and liver function and reduces the risk of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, pathological organ changes, and inflammatory reactions. The mechanism of TPS decoction in T2DM can be correlated with the reversal of gut microbiota dysfunction and repair of the intestinal mucosal barrier.

Cholinergic drugs reduce metabolic inflammation and diabetic myocardial injury by regulating the gut bacterial component lipopolysaccharide‐induced ERK/Egr‐1 pathway

“…The present study showed that the abundances of anti‐inflammatory bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Alistipes, Oscillibacter, and Muribaculaceae, were significantly decreased in db/db mice, whereas the abundance of proinflammatory bacteria, such as Lachnoclostridium, was increased. These findings were consistent with those of previous studies 43,44 . Intriguingly, PYR not only modulated the overall structure of the gut microbiota but also selectively enhanced the abundance of anti‐inflammatory bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Alistipes, Oscillibacter, and Muribaculaceae, and reduced the abundances of proinflammatory and potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Blautia, Clostridium_innocuum_group, Lachnoclostridium, Ruminococcus_gnavus_group, and Prevotellaceae UCG‐001, in db/db mice.…”

“…45 Diabetes inhibits the vagus nerve and has deleterious effects on the microbiota and the intestinal tract. 44,46,47 A low vagal tone has been described in diabetes patients, thus favoring peripheral inflammation. 48 Our results showed that the intestinal levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) were significantly higher in db/db mice than in db/m mice.…”

“…These findings were consistent with those of previous studies. 43,44 Intriguingly, PYR not only modulated the overall structure of the gut microbiota but also selectively enhanced the abundance of anti-inflammatory bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Alistipes, Oscillibacter, and Muribaculaceae, and reduced the abundances of proinflammatory and potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Blautia, Clostridium_innoc-uum_group, Lachnoclostridium, Ruminococcus_gnavus_ group, and Prevotellaceae UCG-001, in db/db mice. Thus, PYR shows promise for modulating the disordered gut microbiota in diabetes.…”

“…A cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway appears to suppress peripheral inflammation and reduce intestinal permeability, thus likely regulating microbiota composition 45 . Diabetes inhibits the vagus nerve and has deleterious effects on the microbiota and the intestinal tract 44,46,47 . A low vagal tone has been described in diabetes patients, thus favoring peripheral inflammation 48 .…”

Mulberry leaf water extract alleviates type 2 diabetes in mice via modulating gut microbiota‐host co‐metabolism of branched‐chain amino acid

“…However, a negative correlation between Blautia and the serum level of Ile was also found. Several studies showed that Dubosiella presented a decreased abundance in T2DM mice and was significantly negatively related to TG, HOMA‐IR, FBG, TC, and LDL‐c (Li et al, 2022; Yin et al, 2022). However, two conflicting reports showed that Dubosiella presented an increased abundance in T2DM mice and was positively correlated with the circulating level of total BCAAs, Val, and Ile (Bao et al, 2022; Zhang et al, 2020).…”