“…A task-oriented environment has been found to be strongly associated with achievement outcomes (Chionh & Fraser, 2009). Students were found to have increased their attention span and patience with distractions in order to succeed in their academic tasks, and learn new skills (Mullola, Hintsanen, & Keltikangas-Järvinen, 2015). Task orientation also increases students' motivation and self-regulation in science learning (Velayutham & Aldridge, 2013).…”