Temperature and deactivation of microbial faecal indicators during small scale co-composting of faecal matter

Microbiological assessment of river water used for the irrigation of fresh produce in a sub-urban community in Sobantu, South Africa

“…They therefore use available water sources such as rivers for their daily water needs (Nevondo & Cloete, 1999;Obi et al, 2002). The lack of adequate sanitation results in fecal contamination of these water sources leading to serious consequences for human and environmental health (Drechsel et al, 2006;Germer, Boh, Schoeffler, & Amoah, 2010;Ibenyassine, Aitmhand, Karamoko, Cohen, & Ennaji, 2006;Schaefer, 2008;Scott, Faruqui, & Raschid-Sally, 2004). Rural community members in South Africa are exposed to water-borne diseases and by using fecally contaminated water for irrigation, both subsistence and commercial farmers are potentially reducing the microbiological quality and safety of fresh produce (Drechsel, Graefe, Sonou & Cofie, 2006;Keraita, Drechsel, & Konradsen, 2008;Mara, Sleigh, Blumenthal, & Carr, 2007;Obi et al, 2002;Shuval, Adin, Fattal, Rawitz, & Yekutiel, 1986).…”

Águas Residuárias Para Irrigação No Brasil: Uma Abordagem Química, Física E Microbiológica

“…Gemmel e Schmidt (2012), por exemplo, avaliaram a qualidade microbiana das fontes de água utilizadas pelas comunidades rurais na África do Sul e concluíram que a água usada na irrigação, captada do rio local era altamente contaminada com coliformes fecais e E. coli, não satisfazendo os critérios das diretrizes da OMS para irrigação segura. Assim, é evidente que a falta de sanitização adequada promove a contaminação fecal de fontes de água levando a graves consequências para o ambiente e para a saúde humana (GERMER et al, 2010;SCHAEFER, 2008), bem como problemas com a obstrução de emissores na irrigação, pela formação de biofilme resultante da interação entre mucilagens bacterianas e partículas orgânicas e inorgânicas (BATISTA; SOUZA; FERREIRA, 2010; BATISTA et al, 2013).…”

Composting of municipal solid waste

“…Jörn Germer et al (2010) showed that the temperatures in an open compost pile, in parallel, decreased to below 55°C within less than 14 days. During this time, there was no significant difference in the average temperature in comparison to the chambers, but high core temperatures were not continuous, as the temperature dropped below 52°C, after the first mixing.…”