Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Under Three Different Strategies of Control and Eradication in Colombia (1982–2003)

Gallego, M. L.; Pérez, Andrés; Thurmond, Mark

doi:10.1007/s11259-007-0125-1

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Temporal patterns of disease outbreaks are decomposed into long‐term (secular), cyclical, and seasonal trends (Peralta et al., ; Courtin et al., ; Gallego et al., ). The 5‐year period in this study was too short to formally analyze the cyclical pattern and only long‐term and seasonal trends were analyzed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings combined with the present data suggest a three to 4 years cyclic pattern. FMD epidemics have been shown to occur with a regularity of three to 5 years in Paraguay and Colombia (Peralta et al., ; Gallego et al., ) and every 6 years in India (Sharma and Singh, ). In the absence of any control measure applied, highly contagious diseases like FMD tend to occur with regular epidemic cycles related to the increase of the susceptible population through time (Thrusfield, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Ethiopia: a Retrospective Analysis of District Level Outbreaks, 2007-2012

Jemberu

Mourits

Sahle

et al. 2015

Transbound Emerg Dis

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This study aimed at determining the incidence, distribution, risk factors, and causal serotypes of foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Ethiopia based on 5 years of retrospective outbreak data (September 2007 until August 2012). District level outbreak data were collected from 115 randomly selected districts using a questionnaire administered to district animal health officers. The national incidence of FMD outbreaks during the study period was 1.45 outbreaks per five district years. Outbreaks were geographically widespread affecting all major regional states in the country and were more frequent in the central, southern, and southeastern parts of the country. Neither long-term nor seasonal trends were observed in the incidence of outbreaks. A mixed effects logistic regression analysis revealed that the type of production system (market oriented system versus subsistence systems), presence of a major livestock market and/or route, and adjacency to a national parks or wildlife sanctuary were found to be associated with increased risk of outbreaks in the districts. FMD virus serotypes O, A, SAT 2, and SAT 1 were identified as the causal serotypes of the outbreaks during the study period. Whereas O was the dominant serotype, SAT 2 was the serotype that showed increase in relative frequency of occurrence. The estimated incidence of outbreaks is useful in assessing the economic impacts of the disease, and the identified risk factors provide important knowledge to target a progressive FMD control policy for Ethiopia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Ethiopia: a Retrospective Analysis of District Level Outbreaks, 2007-2012

Jemberu

Mourits

Sahle

et al. 2015

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…To characterize the speed of the outbreak's spread within space–time clusters, we used the space–time density of outbreaks (STDO), which denotes the number of new outbreaks in a certain area for a fixed period of time (Gallego et al., ). The STDO n was calculated as N n obs / S n / T n , where N n obs was the observed number of outbreaks in the n th cluster, S n was the area of the cluster in km 2 , and T n was the duration of the cluster in days.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To further understand the temporal dynamics of FMD, we also explored seasonal patterns in disease incidence. Most research investigating seasonality to date has been conducted in countries with climates characterized by rainy or monsoon and dry seasons (Abdela, 2017;Gallego, Perez, & Thurmond, 2007;Jamal, Ahmed, Hussain, & Ali, 2010). In contrast, there is relatively less information addressing this question in more temperate countries with more dramatic temperature variations, such as what occurs in RK (Dukpa, Robertson, Edwards, & Ellis, 2011;Jafarzadeh, Norris, & Thurmond, 2014;Perez, Tseng, & Pinto, 2011), which limits our understanding of dynamics of FMD spread in temperate regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal analysis of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1955 - 2013

Abdrakhmanov

Tyulegenov²,

Korennoy

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) poses a significant obstacle to international trade and economic development, and for that reason, FMD prevention, control and eradication are major goals guiding animal health policy in most countries. The purpose of this study was to conduct a retrospective spatiotemporal analysis of FMD outbreaks among livestock in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) from 1955 to 2013. During that time, several FMD control strategies were implemented in RK, which culminated with the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recognition of RK as a country that is FMD-free with partial vaccination (2015). Here, we describe and analyse the changes in spatial and temporal dynamics of FMD under different control strategies that were utilized as the country progressively moved towards eradication of the disease. A total number of 5,260 FMD outbreaks of serotype O and A (including the A lineage) were recorded in the cattle, pig and small ruminant populations of RK during that period. We found that outbreaks occurred in spatiotemporal clusters only prior to 1970, which is before ring vaccination around outbreaks was first employed. This finding suggests that ring vaccination substantially reduced local spread and prevented large FMD epidemics in the country. Disease incidence steadily decreased after the implementation of ring vaccination and culling of infected animals, with spatiotemporal clusters only occurring as a result of an introduction of an antigenically distinct variant of serotype A. From 1955 to 1984, FMD outbreaks demonstrated two seasonal peaks of incidence in the spring and fall. In contrast, only the peak in spring was observed between 1984 and 2013. Quantitative knowledge on how different policy and alternative control strategies contributed to RK achieving FMD-free status could improve prospects for continued control in RK and inform control strategies in other FMD-endemic regions.

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“…Livestock farming forms an indispensable part of the agricultural farming system in Bhutan through the provision of draught power and manure (Anonymous, 2007). Studies on the epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks of FMD can provide valuable insights into the different aspects of the disease patterns and can be useful for planning future disease control programmes (Gibbens et al., 2001; Moutou, 2002; Gallego et al., 2007). A thorough understanding of the epidemiology of FMD is essential for developing effective surveillance, control and eradication programmes (AlKhamis et al., 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemiological Characteristics of the 2007 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Epidemic in Sarpang and Zhemgang Districts of Bhutan

Dukpa

Robertson

Ellis

2010

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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This study was undertaken to compare the epidemiological characteristics of the 2007 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in two districts of Sarpang and Zhemgang in Bhutan. Zhemgang district recorded a significantly higher cumulative incidence in all species (26.9%) as well as for cattle (29.3%) compared to Sarpang (6.5% and 7.4%, respectively). The case fatality for cattle in Zhemgang (14.1%) was significantly higher than in Sarpang (3.3%). A total of 404 cattle and 73 pigs died of FMD in Zhemgang, whereas only 21 cattle died in Sarpang. Although all four species were affected in Sarpang, no sheep or goats were affected in Zhemgang. Spatiotemporal analyses showed the existence of four significant clusters, a primary one in Sarpang and three secondary clusters in Zhemgang. The virus belonged to the PanAsia strain of the Middle-East South-Asia topotype (O serotype), and the strain was closely related to the PanAsia strain that circulated in Bhutan during the 2003/2004 outbreaks. The severity of FMD infection in Zhemgang district could be attributed to low vaccination coverage (36.5% in 2006 when compared to 87.6% in Sarpang), inadequate biosecurity, poor nursing care of the sick animals and delayed reporting to the livestock centre. This study highlights the ability of the PanAsia strain of the O serotype to cause unprecedented morbidity and mortality, especially in a naïve population. The study also highlights the benefits of maintaining good herd immunity in the susceptible population, through adequate vaccination coverage, to minimize the severity of infection and limit the spread of disease from infected to non-infected herds.

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Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Under Three Different Strategies of Control and Eradication in Colombia (1982–2003)

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Ethiopia: a Retrospective Analysis of District Level Outbreaks, 2007-2012

Epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Ethiopia: a Retrospective Analysis of District Level Outbreaks, 2007-2012

Spatiotemporal analysis of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1955 - 2013

The Epidemiological Characteristics of the 2007 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Epidemic in Sarpang and Zhemgang Districts of Bhutan

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