Temporal Sampling Requirements for Automatic Rain Gauges

Nystuen, Jeffrey A.

doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<1253:tsrfar>2.0.co;2

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The PAL was designed to be an event recorder rather than a continuous acoustic sampler in order to allow the instrument to record data for up to one year with a broadband frequency response from 200 Hz to 50 kHz (Nystuen, 1998). To achieve this duration, the PAL uses a low power "sleep mode" between each data sample.…”

Section: Passive Aquatic Listenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the coastal occurrence of endangered killer whales using autonomous passive acoustic recorders

Hanson

Emmons²,

Ward³

et al. 2013

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Using moored autonomous acoustic recorders to detect and record the vocalizations of social odonotocetes to determine their occurrence patterns is a non-invasive tool in the study of these species in remote locations. Acoustic recorders were deployed in seven locations on the continental shelf of the U.S. west coast from Cape Flattery, WA to Pt. Reyes, CA to detect and record endangered southern resident killer whales between January and June of 2006-2011. Detection rates of these whales were greater in 2009 and 2011 than in 2006-2008, were most common in the month of March, and occurred with the greatest frequency off the Columbia River and Westport, which was likely related to the presence of their most commonly consumed prey, Chinook salmon. The observed patterns of annual and monthly killer whale occurrence may be related to run strength and run timing, respectively, for spring Chinook returning to the Columbia River, the largest run in this region at this time of year. Acoustic recorders provided a unique, long-term, dataset that will be important to inform future consideration of Critical Habitat designation for this U.S. Endangered Species Act listed species.

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Section: Passive Aquatic Listenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the coastal occurrence of endangered killer whales using autonomous passive acoustic recorders

Hanson

Emmons²,

Ward³

et al. 2013

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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“…Using rain gauge measurements, Steiner [1996] investigated the temporal sampling uncertainties in monthly areal mean rainfall, providing a relation to estimate TSE for a given rain amount, domain size, and sampling frequency. For monthly accumulations, Nystuen [1998] found that a 1‐min sample every 10 min resulted in a standard deviation in the rainfall estimate equal to 10% of the average accumulation. For 1‐km pixels and accumulation times of 5 and 10 min, Jordan et al [2000] found that the temporal sampling error is between 30% and 60% of the mean areal rainfall for a sampling interval of 5 min, depending on the rainfall event.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rainfall and sampling uncertainties: A rain gauge perspective

Villarini¹,

Mandapaka²,

Krajewski³

et al. 2008

J. Geophys. Res.

414

350

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[1] Rain gauge networks provide rainfall measurements with a high degree of accuracy at specific locations but, in most cases, the instruments are too sparsely distributed to accurately capture the high spatial and temporal variability of precipitation systems. Radar and satellite remote sensing of rainfall has become a viable approach to address this problem effectively. However, among other sources of uncertainties, the remote-sensing based rainfall products are unavoidably affected by sampling errors that need to be evaluated and characterized. Using a large data set (more than six years) of rainfall measurements from a dense network of 50 rain gauges deployed over an area of about 135 km 2 in the Brue catchment (south-western England), this study sheds some light on the temporal and spatial sampling uncertainties: the former are defined as the errors resulting from temporal gaps in rainfall observations, while the latter as the uncertainties due to the approximation of an areal estimate using point measurements. It is shown that the temporal sampling uncertainties increase with the sampling interval according to a scaling law and decrease with increasing averaging area with no strong dependence on local orography. On the other hand, the spatial sampling uncertainties tend to decrease for increasing accumulation time, with no strong dependence on location of the gauge within the pixel or on the gauge elevation. For the evaluation of high resolution satellite rainfall products, a simple rule is proposed for the number of rain gauges required to estimate areal rainfall with a prescribed accuracy. Additionally, a description is given of the characteristics of the rainfall process in the area in terms of spatial correlation.

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“…For any species that vocalizes higher than 22 kHz, distribution and presence studies have been limited to visual surveys, stranding data, and whaling records. In this study, Passive Acoustic Listeners (PALs) were used because they can sample at 100 kHz with year‐round duty cycling for power saving capabilities in cold waters (Nystuen ). To allot power throughout an entire year, the PALs record 4.5 s WAV files every 2 or 10 min, depending on whether a target signal was or was not detected in the previous file, respectively (Denes et al .…”

Section: Available Data: a Timeline Of Pals Deployed At Four Sites Inmentioning

confidence: 99%