Teratogenic and Toxic Effects of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) P. Karst. (Higher Basidiomycetes), on Zebrafish Embryo as Model

Abstract

This paper highlights the teratogenic and toxic effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi mushroom) extract on zebrafish embryos. Hatchability, malformations, and lethality rate of zebrafish embryos were assessed to provide valuable information regarding the potential teratogenic activity of G. lucidum. Hatching was completed 48 h post treatment application (hpta) at 1% or lower concentrations of extract and embryo water. The hatching rate of embryos treated with 5% or higher concentrations was significantly lower (p> 0.05) than the control. Tail malformation was the most marked morphological abnormality in embryos at 72 hpta, which was obviously caused by 1% extract (55.56% tail malformation) and was observed in all embryos exposed to 5% of extract. Growth retardation was evident in embryos exposed to 5%, 10%, and 20%. However, lethal effect of extract of G. lucidum was dependent on dose and time of exposure. Mortality rates of embryos treated with 5% (44.44%) or higher concentrations of the extract was significantly higher (p > 0.05) than that of the control embryos at 72 hpta. These results suggest that G. lucidum extract has lethal and sub-lethal effects on zebrafish embryos.

Antitumor Activity of Extract From the Sporoderm-Breaking Spore of Ganoderma lucidum: Restoration on Exhausted Cytotoxic T Cell With Gut Microbiota Remodeling

“…Hence in all probability, regulation on the metabolism of gut microbiota would be the pivotal of ESG to enhance the Tc-mediated tumor surveillance against breast cancer. On the other hand, toxicity test is demanded to make comprehensive evaluation on its safety, although no article has yet reported the adverse effect of the spore of G. lucidum , except one suggests that an extract from fruit body of G. lucidum has lethal and sub-lethal effects on zebrafish embryos ( 93 ). And rigor pharmacokinetics study, as well as multi-omics investigations, for ESG will be applied to intercept the underlying mechanism of its immune-regulation activity, as well as the potential in cancer treatment.…”

Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications

“…Likewise, the absence of heartbeat and coagulated embryo is considered as lethal effects. The work of Dulay et al [40] has confirmed that tail malformation in zebrafish embryo does occur when exposed to 10 mg/mL of Ganoderma sp. fruiting body extract.…”

Species Listing of Naturally Occuring Mushrooms in Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

“…Nine elements (magnesium, nitrogen, sodium, potassium, chlorine, sulfur, phosporus, silicon and oxygen) were detected in the fruiting bodies of P. djamor grown on sawdust-based formulation while six elements (magnesium, nitrogen, potassium, sulfur, phosporus and oxygen) were present in fruiting bodies harvested on rice strawbased formulation [11]. P. antillarium is another potential source of substances and nutrients with functional attributes such as antioxidant which strongly influenced by different media and pH levels [6]. L. tigrinus 1898 IJBPAS, October, 2018, 7 (10) and P. djamor possess antibacterial and antioxidant activities [8].…”