Testicular compartment syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management

Gandhi, Jason; Dagur, Gautam; Sheynkin, Yefim; Smith, Noelle B.; Khan, Sardar

doi:10.21037/tau.2016.11.05

Cited by 25 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 54 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Hypoxia, as an oxidative stress, causes germ cell apoptosis and results in male infertility. For instance, oxidative stress injury induced by hypoxia is closely related to apoptosis of Leydig TM3 cells from infertile murines, sperm from varicocoele rats, germ cells from testicular torsion rats, germ cells from testicular compartment syndrome rats and even spermatozoa from azoospermia patients (Wei et al 2009, Gat et al 2010, Liang et al 2015, Chen et al 2016, Gandhi et al 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevation of autophagy rescues spermatogenesis by inhibiting apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes

Yin

Yang

et al. 2018

Reproduction

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Autophagy and apoptosis are interlocked in an extensive crosstalk. Our previous study demonstrated that hypotonic hypoxia-induced marked apoptosis of a spermatocyte-derived cell line (GC-2). However, whether hypoxia-induced apoptosis is mediated by inhibition of autophagy under hypoxic conditions remains unclear. In this study, GC-2 cells were cultured in 1% O 2 and harvested at different time points. Autophagy was determined by acridine orange staining, cyto-ID staining, mCherry-GFP-LC3B adenovirus transfection and Western blotting for various autophagy markers. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, JC-1 staining and Western blotting of apoptosis-related proteins. We found that hypoxia-induced apoptosis of GC-2 cells through mitochondrial and death receptor pathways and inhibited autophagic flux in GC-2 cells in a time-dependent manner. However, while marked autolysosome formation was observed in GC-2 cells before 24-h culture in hypoxic conditions, apparent apoptosis was observed only after 24-h culture in hypoxic conditions. Caspase-8 siRNA treatment induced cell survival, accompanied by induction of the mature autophagosome, acidic vesicular organelle formation and autophagic flux. Furthermore, Beclin-1 overexpression markedly attenuated the impairment of spermatogenesis in mice by inhibiting apoptosis of spermatocytes. The results of this study demonstrate that hypoxia inhibits autophagy, which further enhances hypoxia-induced apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes by promoting caspase-8 activation in a time-dependent manner, suggesting that combined application of apoptosis inhibition and autophagy activation might be a therapeutic strategy for treating hypoxia-induced male infertility.Reproduction (2018) 156 545-558 546 Reproduction (2018) 156 545-558 https://rep.bioscientifica.com The activation of apoptosis can also inhibit autophagy under hypoxia. Caspases that are activated during apoptosis, mainly caspase-8 and caspase-3, can cleave autophagy-related proteins, such as ATG3, ATG4D and Beclin1, suppressing autophagy and resulting in cell damage (Li et al. 2011, Oral et al. 2012, Lamy et al. 2013). In addition, autophagy can block the induction of apoptosis and attenuate cellular injury under hypoxia. The activation of autophagy inhibits apoptosis by clearing damaged mitochondria, inhibiting caspase-3 activation and clearing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-damaged proteins. Thus, autophagy plays a protective role under hypoxia (Zhang et al. 2013, Li et al. 2014). However, in specific cases, autophagy or autophagy-relevant proteins may help in inducing apoptosis, which can aggravate cellular injury under hypoxia. The underlying mechanisms include the activation of caspases and clearance of the Bruce protein (an anti-apoptotic protein, a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins family) (Nezis et al. , Young et al. 2012. Taking all the above into consideration, the interaction between autophagy and apoptosis in spermatocytes under hypoxia treatment remains unclear.In our previous study, we...

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevation of autophagy rescues spermatogenesis by inhibiting apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes

Yin

Yang

et al. 2018

Reproduction

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The strength of this report is that it provides detailed information on patient characteristics, underlying diseases, time to diagnosis, causative organisms, diagnostic methods, and treatment of testicular infarction, which is a rare but serious complication of epididymitis. The reasons for testicular infarction during treatment of epididymitis have been suggested to be due to increased exudate production owing to inflammation and tissue edema causing testicular compartment syndrome [2] , [13] . It has also been suggested that venous congestion and increased susceptibility to thrombus formation by bacterial exotoxins [3] may lead to tissue circulatory insufficiency and hypoxia [2] , [13] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testicular infarction as a rare complication of pyogenic epididymoorchitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A case report and systematic literature review

Ishikawa¹,

Matsuo²,

Nakamura³

et al. 2021

IDCases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Testicular infarction is a known serious complication associated with epididymitis. It is known to be idiopathic in 70% of cases but the frequency, risk factors, and management are yet to be elucidated. This paper aims to report a case of testicular infarction secondary to pyogenic epididymoorchitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Case presentation A 64-year-old male with a past medical history of benign prostate hypertrophy using intermittent self-catheterization and a recent history of culture-negative pyogenic epididymoorchitis treated with oral cefpodoxime was admitted to our hospital due to a 4-week history of fever, right scrotal pain, and swelling. Scrotal ultrasonography showed a hypoechoic testis without testicular torsion. He was diagnosed with testicular infarction and a scrotal abscess due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and was treated with cefepime along with transcutaneous drainage. Despite the antimicrobial treatment, he experienced testicular loss with necrotic tissue. Because little is known about the risk factors, clinical characteristics, management, and prognosis of testicular infarction secondary to epididymitis, we performed a systematic review of the literature. Conclusion This is a case of testicular necrosis during the treatment of epididymitis with negative urine culture and detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in tissue culture. Clinicians should perform frequent blood flow evaluation to the testis for early urologic intervention.

show abstract

“…Testicular abscess formation and ischemia are rare complications of epididymo-orchitis in the setting of appropriate antibiotic therapy [ 3 ]. While exact mechanisms remain unknown, proposed mechanisms suggest that compression of the vasculature of the epididymis and testicle effectively creates a compartment syndrome [ 4 , 5 ]. Acute inflammatory changes, exudates, and tissue edema may result in extra luminal compression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testicular Abscess and Ischemia Secondary to Epididymo-orchitis

Hackett¹,

Sletten²,

Bridwell

2020

Cureus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Acute testicular infarction requiring emergent surgical intervention is often the result of spermatic cord torsion; infrequently, infarction results from other etiologies. We report a case of epididymo-orchitis complicated by abscess resulting in testicular ischemia, not detected on ultrasonography. A high clinical suspicion of testicular ischemia should be maintained in any presentation of testicular pain and swelling, as recognition could lead to early salvage interventions.

show abstract

Testicular compartment syndrome: an overview of pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management

Cited by 25 publications

References 54 publications

Elevation of autophagy rescues spermatogenesis by inhibiting apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes

Elevation of autophagy rescues spermatogenesis by inhibiting apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes

Testicular infarction as a rare complication of pyogenic epididymoorchitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A case report and systematic literature review

Testicular Abscess and Ischemia Secondary to Epididymo-orchitis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About