“…j=1 Y ijt is the cross-sectional average, to remove the time fixed effects (i.e., λ t ). Second, inspired by Stromberg et al (2000), Honoré and Powell (2005) and Soberon et al (2020) (in a different context), a pairwise differencing transformation is proposed to remove the cross-sectional heterogeneities (i.e., µ i and γ j ), simultaneously. [7] Hence, subtracting from time t of (Y ijt − Y t ), time s, for s = t, we get…”