The 2002 Denali Fault Earthquake, Alaska: A Large Magnitude, Slip-Partitioned Event

Eberhart‐Phillips, Donna; Haeussler, Peter J.; Freymueller, J. T.; Frankel, Arthur; Rubin, Charles M.; Craw, Patricia; Ratchkovski, Natalia A.; Anderson, G.; Carver, Gary A.; Crone, Anthony J.; Dawson, Timothy E.; Fletcher, Hilary J.; Hansen, R. A.; Harp, Edwin L.; Harris, Ruth; Hill, David P.; Hreinsdóttir, Sigrún; Jibson, Randall W.; Jones, Lucile M.; Kayen, Robert E.; Keefer, Donald A.; Larsen, Curtis E.; Moran, S. C.; Personius, Stephen F.; Plafker, George; Sherrod, Brian L.; Sieh, Kerry; Sitar, Nicholas; Wallace, Wesley K.

doi:10.1126/science.1082703

Cited by 402 publications

(321 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…As discussed above (results of the synthetic C2), this behavior suggests that the section of the rupture that corresponds to the first 5 s is bilateral. This conclusion is consistent with the models presented by Eberhart-Phillips et al (2003) or Dunham and Archuleta (2004), who describe this rupture with emerging bilateral to unilateral change after the first few seconds. The next ∼50 s shows a unilateral rupture, with a length estimated to be 273 km toward the ESE with an azimuth of γ = 112 ± 7.27 • .…”

Section: Fig 22supporting

confidence: 81%

“…20 and Table 7. These intervals correspond mainly to the first and second sections of the rupture along the Susitna Glacier fault and Denali fault, as observed in other studies (e.g., Eberhart-Phillips et al 2003;Ozacar and Beck 2004). The results showed that the first ∼5 s (D1) are derived from a dataset that does not produce a good fit to the theoretical model (Fig.…”

Section: Fig 21mentioning

confidence: 58%

“…14 and adjusts with those determined from the teleseismic body waveform inversion (Kikuchi and Yamanaka 2002;Ozacar and Beck 2004) or strong-motion waveforms (Eberhart-Phillips et al 2003;Frankel 2004). An average rupture velocity of 3.9 km/s was found in this study that can be compared with the 3.5 km/s determined from the inversion of strong-motion waveforms by Frankel (2004) and Eberhart-Phillips et al (2003). Velasco et al (2004), who investigated the directivity of this earthquake by analyzing the Fig.…”

Section: Fig 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

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DIRDOP: a directivity approach to determining the seismic rupture velocity vector

2009

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Directivity effects are a characteristic of seismic source finiteness and are a consequence of the rupture spread in preferential directions. These effects are manifested through seismic spectral deviations as a function of the observation location. The directivity by Doppler effect method permits estimation of the directions and rupture velocities, beginning from the duration of common pulses, which are identified in waveforms or relative source time functions. The general model of directivity that supports the method presented here is a Doppler analysis based on a kinematic source model of rupture (Haskell, Bull Seismol Soc Am 54:1811-1841, 1964) and a structural medium with spherical symmetry. To evaluate its performance, we subjected the method to a series of tests with synthetic data obtained from ten typical seismic ruptures. The experimental conditions studied correspond with scenarios of simple and complex, unilaterally and bilaterally extended ruptures with different mechanisms and datasets with different levels of azimuthal coverage. The obtained results generally agree with the expected values. We also present four real case studies, applying the

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Section: Fig 22supporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Fig 21mentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Fig 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

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DIRDOP: a directivity approach to determining the seismic rupture velocity vector

2009

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“…Variations in the slip distribution along seismically active terrestrial faults are common (e.g., Sieh et al, 1993;Jónsson et al, 2002;EberhartPhillips et al, 2003). Slip distributions are often asymmetric or heterogeneous with varying amounts of slip occurring on different sections of the fault (Hernandez et al, 1999;Eberhart-Phillips et al, 2003). Thus, the distribution of slip on the fault segments necessary to best fit the topography of the wrinkle ridges may reflect the accumulation of different amounts of slip on fault segments as the structures developed.…”

Section: Mechanical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastic dislocation modeling of wrinkle ridges on Mars

Watters

2004

Icarus

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“…during the 3 November, 2002, Alaska earthquake where several rockslides were triggered which themselves triggered mud/debris flows, partly also on glaciers but without entraining entire glaciers (Ebehart-Phillips et al, 2003). Hypothesis (2.)…”

Section: Assessment and Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2002 rock/ice avalanche at Kolka/Karmadon, Russian Caucasus: assessment of extraordinary avalanche formation and mobility, and application of QuickBird satellite imagery

Huggel

Zgraggen-Oswald

Haeberli

et al. 2005

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

265

181

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Abstract.A massive rock/ice avalanche of about 100×10 6 m 3 volume took place on the northern slope of the Kazbek massif, North Ossetia, Russian Caucasus, on 20 September 2002. The avalanche started as a slope failure, that almost completely entrained Kolka glacier, traveled down the Genaldon valley for 20 km, was stopped at the entrance of the Karmadon gorge, and was finally succeeded by a distal mudflow which continued for another 15 km. The event caused the death of ca. 140 people and massive destruction. Several aspects of the event are extraordinary, i.e. the large ice volume involved, the extreme initial acceleration, the high flow velocity, the long travel distance and particularly the erosion of a valley-type glacier, a process not known so far. The analysis of these aspects is essential for process understanding and worldwide glacial hazard assessments. This study is therefore concerned with the analysis of processes and the evaluation of the most likely interpretations. The analysis is based on QuickBird satellite images, field observations, and ice-, flow-and thermomechanical considerations. QuickBird is currently the best available satellite sensor in terms of ground resolution (0.6 m) and opens new perspectives for assessment of natural hazards. Evaluation of the potential of QuickBird images for assessment of high-mountain hazards shows the feasibility for detailed avalanche mapping and analysis of flow dynamics, far beyond the capabilities of conventional satellite remote sensing. It is shown that the avalanche was characterized by two different flows. The first one was comparable to a hyperconcentrated flow and was immediately followed by a flow with a much lower concentration of water involving masCorrespondence to: C. Huggel ( chuggel@geo.unizh.ch) sive volumes of ice. The high mobility of the avalanche is likely related to fluidization effects at the base of the moving ice/debris mass with high pore pressures and a continuous supply of water due to frictional melting of ice. The paper concludes with implications of the Kolka/Karmadon event for worldwide glacial hazard assessments. It is emphasized that situations with large glacierized high-mountain walls with potentially unstable glaciers within impact distance need special attention and monitoring efforts.

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The 2002 Denali Fault Earthquake, Alaska: A Large Magnitude, Slip-Partitioned Event

Cited by 402 publications

References 19 publications

DIRDOP: a directivity approach to determining the seismic rupture velocity vector

DIRDOP: a directivity approach to determining the seismic rupture velocity vector

Elastic dislocation modeling of wrinkle ridges on Mars

The 2002 rock/ice avalanche at Kolka/Karmadon, Russian Caucasus: assessment of extraordinary avalanche formation and mobility, and application of QuickBird satellite imagery

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