The Alternative Voltammetric Method for the Determination of Nicotine and Its Metabolite Nicotine N-Oxide

Abstract

In the present paper, for the first time, the electrochemical behaviour of nicotine metabolite nicotine N-oxide (NNO) on static mercury dropping electrode (SMDE) and mercury meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode (m-AgSAE) has been reported. Nicotine N-oxide is reduced forming one peak at the potential -0.78 V on SDME and -0.86 V on m-AgSAE in Britton-Robinson buffer medium at pH 4.5 using cyclic voltammetry (CV). One electron and one proton take part in the reaction of NNO reduction. Calibration graphs for NNO determination using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) on SDME and square-wave voltammetry (SWV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) on m-AgSAE were obtained. Limit of detection (LOD) is 0.13 μM on SDME, and 0.16 μM (SWV) and 0.29 μM (DPV) on m-AgSAE. Since NNO can be used as an analytical form for nicotine voltammetric determination, so the developed methods were applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations, and the recoveries from 97.3 to 104.6 % were achieved. Also, the elaborated methods were used in the analysis of biological fluids, and tobacco products. The obtained results were compared to those indicated in the certificates of drugs analysis, and to the results, obtained by reference methods (HPLC and GC).

A Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Nicotine in Tobacco Products Based on Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Conjugated with (1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-Sulphonic Acid) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

“…SD is the standard deviation of I p of NIC, estimated from the following equation [60]. SD = 1/(n − 2)Σ(I exp − I cal ) 2 (9) where I exp is the experimental value of I p , and I cal is the corresponding calculated value at the same concentration. The calculated LOD and LOQ of NIC at the proposed sensor were 12.7 and 42.4 nM, respectively.…”

“…Additionally, NIC is rapidly absorbed in humans and directly attacks the nervous system. The frequent intake of NIC creates many potentially harmful diseases and effects on human health, such as increased blood pressure and heartbeat, reduced healing rates, and vascular disease [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Moreover, it might lead to lung, nose, kidney, stomach, bladder, and colon cancer [ 10 , 11 ].…”

“…To date, several analytical techniques have been reported for the measurement of NIC, including high-performance liquid chromatography [ 14 ], gas chromatography [ 15 ], spectrophotometry [ 16 ], spectrofluorimetry [ 17 ], radioimmunoassay [ 18 ], amperometric assay [ 19 ], and capillary electrophoresis [ 4 ]. Unfortunately, most of these methods possess numerous disadvantages, such as being expensive and time-consuming and requiring several chemical treatment steps and many organic solvents [ 9 , 20 , 21 ]. Moreover, limited biosensors have been used to analyze NIC due to the high cost of enzymes [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Structural Characterization and Electrochemical Studies of Selected Alkaloid N-Oxides

“…Hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxyacids are commonly employed as oxidants [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. The commercial reagent potassium peroxymonosulfate (KPMS) was used as an oxidant, enabling the synthesis of the main metabolites of alkaloids in just 15 min [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. The oxidation of alkaloids is rapid at room temperature, except for nicotine.…”

Development of Electrochemical Sensor Using Iron (III) Phthalocyanine/Gold Nanoparticle/Graphene Hybrid Film for Highly Selective Determination of Nicotine in Human Salivary Samples

“…The primary mechanism by which NIC affects the cardiovascular system is by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, which causes norepinephrine to be released, increasing the heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac contractility, and systemic vasoconstriction [ 1 ]. Regular consumption of NIC has a number of potentially dangerous diseases and effects on human health, including elevated blood pressure and heart rate, slowed healing times, hypertension, and vasoconstriction, which can contribute to cardiovascular disease [ 2 ]. NIC affects the central nervous system by elevating mood, providing a sense of satisfaction, and reviving energy [ 3 ].…”