The Amino Acid Requirement of the Growing Chick Fed a Crystalline Amino Acid Diet

Klain, George J.; Scott, H. M.; Johnson, B. Connor

doi:10.3382/ps.0390039

Cited by 78 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Glutamine was again reported to be effective (Hepburn and Bradley, 1964) and, in addition, to alleviate the toxic effect of excess glycine and serine (Hepburn and Bradley, 1968). Similarly, chick growth on an amino acid diet was improved by the addition of glutamic acid (Klain et al, 1960).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Is l-Glutamic Acid Nutritionally a Dispensable Amino Acid for the Young Chick?

1976

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The importance of dispensable amino acids for the chick was reinvestigated. Two-week chick weights were 75.7 g. and 143.7 g. when dietary nitrogen was provided solely by indispensable amino acids and by indispensable amino acids and 10% L-glutamic acid, respectively. Weight gain increased four-fold when L-glutamic acid was added to the mixture of indispensable amino acids. Plasma free amino acid concentrations were considerably decreased and total indispensable amino acid concentration (including cystine and tyrosine) was reduced to approximately a half or less with L-glutamic acid supplementation. Increments of L-glutamic acid as the sole nitrogen source for dispensable amino acids in the diet increased two-week weight gain proportionately over a range from 0 to 10%. When 10% of L-glutamic acid was included in the amino acid diet, growth rate was equivalent to that with a practical diet up to two weeks of age. The mixture of leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine and arginine produced little growth promotion as a nitrogen source for dispensable amino acids. L-aspartic acid, L-alanine and the mixture of dispensable amino acids devoid of L-glutamic acid were found not as effective as L-glutamic acid. The estimate of effectiveness of L-aspartic acid, L-alanine and the mixture was approximately 80%, 60%, and 80%, respectively, of that of L-glutamic acid during first two weeks. Utilization of diammonium citrate for growth promotion varied with the amount used and the age of chicks. A combination of dispensable amino acids plus nominal levels of DAC was not as effective as glutamic acid during the first week but shortly after that, produced good gains. Even during the 3rd week or 4th week high levels of DAC alone did not produce normal gains of chicks. The activities and the subcellular distribution of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in the liver of young chicks were measured. GOT activity was considerably higher than GPT activity. Initially, GOT activity was found primarily in cytosol, but the mitochondrial activity increased to 57% of total activity by day 10, whereas GPT activity was exclusively in mitochondria regardless of the age.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Is l-Glutamic Acid Nutritionally a Dispensable Amino Acid for the Young Chick?

1976

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“…S INCE the initial development of a purified crystalline amino acid diet by Klain et al (1960) that would support good growth when offered as the sole source of dietary nitrogen, there have been continual revisions in the level of amino acids. Dean and Scott (1965) made major reductions in many of the amino acids, lowering 13 of the 15 amino acids in the mixture.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of the Illinois Reference Standard Amino Acid Mixture

Sasse

Baker

1973

Poultry Science

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Based upon several recent studies involving reassessment of the essential amino acid requirements of the young chick, levels of dietary arginine, lysine, leucine, valine and glycine were decreased and proline and glutamic acid increased from those present in the Illinois Reference Standard (RS) amino acid mixture. Performance of chicks fed this modified amino acid mixture was as good as or better than that observed with the RS mixture and approached the performance level of chicks fed a practical-type 24% protein corn-soybean meal diet.

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“…Spoon-shaped, curled and ragged and thin-appearing feathers have been reported (Hegsted et al, 1941;Wilkening et al, 1947;Sanders et al, 1950;Klain et al, 1960;Anderson & Warnick, 1967). Under the microscope, barbules on adjacent barbs did not form the normal interlocking structure, and the barbules did not spread as in normal feathers (Anderson & Warnick, 1967).…”

Section: Table 2 Results Of Immunohistochemistry Virus Culture and mentioning

confidence: 91%

Avian leukosis virus subtype J in ovo -infected specific pathogen free broilers harbour the virus in their feathers and show feather abnormalities

Landman¹,

Jl²,

Koch³

et al. 2001

Avian Pathology

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In the present paper, abnormal feather development associated with an in ovo avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup J infection in specific pathogen free broilers is reported. A description of gross lesions is given, together with the results of light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies to further elucidate the characteristics of the feather pathology and to assess the presence of ALV subtype J in broiler feathers. The feather lesions found, which were mainly restricted to primary and secondary remiges, were thinness and increased transparency of the calamus and sparseness of the vane. In a few cases, feather growth retardation was present, while the vane remained ensheathed. Light microscopy did not reveal abnormalities, although immunohistochemically prominent anti-p27 staining was found in the central area of the feather pulp between cells forming the barbular epithelium. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of retroviral particles in various structures of the feather (epidermal collar and intermediate layer of feather epidermis), most virus being present in the same area that stained most prominently by immunohistochemistry and where apparently intra-epithelial gaps were seen. ALV was isolated from the upper two-thirds of primary remiges of almost all inoculated birds and 40% of contact birds. Polymerase chain reaction of cell cultures showed that the virus isolates belonged to subgroup J. This study shows that subtype J virus can be massively present in feather tissue of infected birds, which could have consequences for its transmission and diagnosis.

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The Amino Acid Requirement of the Growing Chick Fed a Crystalline Amino Acid Diet

Cited by 78 publications

References 16 publications

Is l-Glutamic Acid Nutritionally a Dispensable Amino Acid for the Young Chick?

Is l-Glutamic Acid Nutritionally a Dispensable Amino Acid for the Young Chick?

Modification of the Illinois Reference Standard Amino Acid Mixture

Avian leukosis virus subtype J in ovo -infected specific pathogen free broilers harbour the virus in their feathers and show feather abnormalities

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