The anatomical basis of anal endosonography

Abstract

This study exactly outlines the relation of diameters of the conjoined longitudinal muscle and external anal sphincter for the first time. Until now, the LM has been underestimated in its dimensions. The role of such a thick muscular structure should be included in the conception of anal continence in the future. Especially in view of the fact that anal endosonography is increasingly used in the diagnostic workup of incontinence and fistula in ano, it is essential to understand the anatomical basis of endosonography. This study accurately delineates the sonomorphology of the anal muscles. When viewed in light findings reported here, endosonographic findings in diseases of the anal canal are nor based on a correct idea of the correlation between endosonomorphology and anal anatomy.

Effects of age and gender on three-dimensional endoanal ultrasonography measurements: development of normal ranges

“…From these measurements, the average IAS thickness at each level was determined. The EAS measurements were acquired in the same way and included the longitudinal muscle (LM) layer [25,26]. For each measurement, the first calliper was placed at the outer border of the IAS and the second calliper placed at the perceived outer border of the EAS.…”

Normal Female Anal Sphincter

“…1,3,5,7,9 Use of the PR sling as the landmark below which the true sphincter is identified makes interpretation of this sling as a defect less likely. 1,3,5,7,9 Use of the PR sling as the landmark below which the true sphincter is identified makes interpretation of this sling as a defect less likely.…”

“…3,4 Nevertheless, there are conflicting interpretations of anal sphincter anatomy. 1,3,6,7 Differences in the anal sphincter occur between genders. 1,3,6,7 Differences in the anal sphincter occur between genders.…”

L'endosonographie dans l'incontinence anale: à consommer sans modération...

“…8), et leur visualisation inconstante s'expliquerait par une orientation variable des fibres musculaires selon les individus. Quoi qu'il en soit, leur mise en évidence n'a pas de conséquence pratique [16,18]. Parfois, on peut également distinguer le ligament ano-coccygien ainsi que les muscles transverses et ischio-caverneux.…”