The application of various protic acids in the extraction of (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Müller, Antje; Ensley, Harry E.; Pretus, Henry A.; McNamee, Rose B.; Jones, Ernest L.; McLaughlin, Emily; Chandley, Wilma; Browder, William; Lowman, Douglas W.; Williams, David L.

doi:10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00004-9

Cited by 51 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Whereas, of the seven GEL-proteins (Gel1-Gel7), Gel1, Gel2 and Gel4 are constitutively expressed during mycelial growth and of them, only Gel4 is possess a CBM [3,4]. To note here, during vegetative growth only two-three GAS/GEL-family proteins were expressed, suggesting that glucan elongation rate is higher than that of the branching, which is in accordance with the finding that β-glucan length is upto 1500 glucose units [5], while the branching percentage is is in the range of 4-6% [1]. On the other hand, of the two-three GAS/ GEL-family proteins expressed, only one contains a CBM, suggesting that there is functional redundancy of the elongating activity while branching activity is limited and associated with a unique protein.…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

Transglycosidases and Fungal Cell Wall β-(1,3)-Glucan Branching

Aimanianda¹

2017

Mol Biol

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Fungal cells are endowed with a cell wall that plays a crucial role in the fungal life, by providing mechanical strength and protecting fungal cells from their environment. Chemically, this fungal cell wall consists of different polysaccharides, contributing to 80-95% of the cell wall dry mass. The core cell wall structure is made up of β-(1,6)-branched β-(1,3)-glucan linked to chitin, and is common to all fungal species. Branching leads to β-(1,3)-glucan ramificating, facilitating its cross-linking with chitin as well as other cell wall components resulting in the construction of a functional fungal cell wall. Recently, using Saccharomyces cerevsiae as the model, we showed that the dual activity associated with CAZy family GH72 transglycosidases (http://www.cazy.org/) belonging to the GAS-family, are capable of elongating as well as branching β-(1,3)-glucan, an essential phenomenon during cell wall biogenesis and remodeling. Not only GAS-proteins, but also GEL-family protein from Aspergillus fumigatus (a pathogenic fungus) showed β-(1,3)-glucan elongating-branching activity. Interestingly, this dual activity was shown by only those GH72 family members containing a Carbohydrate Binding Motif-43 (CBM), suggesting that branching activity is universal in the fungal kingdom. Disruption of β-(1,3)-glucan branching resulted either in a sick-phenotype or led to inviability, suggesting that β-(1,3)-glucan branching is an essential phenomenon during fungal cell wall biogenesis. In this commentary, future perspectives on our findings are presented.

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supporting

confidence: 90%

Transglycosidases and Fungal Cell Wall β-(1,3)-Glucan Branching

Aimanianda¹

2017

Mol Biol

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“…Particulate glucan was isolated and characterized, as described by Muller et al (39) and Lowman et al (40). Glucan phosphate was prepared and characterized, as described by Williams et al (41) and Muller et al (42).…”

Section: Preparation Of ␤-Glucansmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Glucan Activates Microglia without Inducing Cytokine Production in Dectin-1-Dependent Manner

Shah

Huang

Keshwara

et al. 2008

The Journal of Immunology

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Microglia, the resident mononuclear phagocytic cells, are critical for immune responses within the CNS. They recognize and are activated by various Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). β‐glucans are PAMPs present within fungal cell walls that are known to trigger protective responses in a number of immune cells. To better understand microglial responses to β‐glucans and the underlying signaling pathways, we sought to determine if Dectin‐1, a major β‐glucan receptor recently identified in leukocytes, mediates β‐glucan induced activation of microglia. Here, we report that Dectin‐1 is expressed on the surface of murine primary microglia, and engagement of the receptor with particulate β‐glucan resulted in an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, a hallmark feature of the Dectin‐1 signaling pathway. Moreover, phagocytosis of β‐glucan particles and subsequent intracellular production of ROS were also mediated by Dectin‐1. Further, interaction of β‐glucan with Dectin‐1 resulted in activation of Vav and PI3K/Akt pathways, suggesting that β‐glucan induce multiple signaling pathways in microglia. However, unlike in leukocytes, β‐glucan mediated microglial activation did not result in production of cytokines. Thus, the interaction of microglial Dectin‐1 with glucan elicits a unique response, suggesting that the Dectin‐1 pathway may play an important role in antifungal immunity in the CNS.

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“…However, other protic acids tested for the extraction of water-soluble glucan showed promising results. Purified glucan could be obtained from acetic, formic, and phosphoric acids and varied in molecular mass and viscosity; however, the basic structure and side chain branching were not altered (39).…”

Section: ␤-(1-3)-glucansmentioning

confidence: 99%