The artiodactyl calcaneus as a potential ‘control bone’ cautions against simple interpretations of trabecular bone adaptation in the anthropoid femoral neck

Utility of osteon circularity for determining species and interpreting load history in primates and nonprimates

“…An example of this has been reported in the deer calcaneus [a simple bending model (Sinclair et al, 2013)] where the relatively increased On.El occurs in the medial and lateral cortices (i.e., "neutral axis regions") but not in the plantar "tension" cortex, although these two regions have low On.Cr (i.e., relatively "noncircular" osteons; Figure 3; Skedros et al, 2007aSkedros et al, , 2014aSorenson et al, 2004). An example of this has been reported in the deer calcaneus [a simple bending model (Sinclair et al, 2013)] where the relatively increased On.El occurs in the medial and lateral cortices (i.e., "neutral axis regions") but not in the plantar "tension" cortex, although these two regions have low On.Cr (i.e., relatively "noncircular" osteons; Figure 3; Skedros et al, 2007aSkedros et al, , 2014aSorenson et al, 2004).…”

“…It has been argued that this is the reason why in bones that are habitually torsionally loaded the relationships of CFO and other histomorphological characteristics are less clear with respect to load history even when unidirectional bending coexists (Rubin et al, 2013;Skedros, 2012). In this context, it is notable that "highcomplexity" best characterizes the load histories of the regions of limb bones that are typically evaluated in anthropological studies of cortical bone histomorphology (Burr et al, 1990;Carando et al, 1989;Cooper et al, 2007;Demes et al, 2001;Feik et al 1996;Havill, 2004;Havill et al, 2013;Hillier and Bell, 2007;Martiniakov a et al, 2006;Miszkiewicz, 2016;Mulhern and Van Gerven, 1997;Paine and Godfrey, 1997;Pfeiffer et al, 2006;Portigliatti et al, 1984;Schaffler and Burr, 1984;Sinclair et al, 2013;Skedros et al, 2015;Urbanov a and Novotn y, 2005;Warshaw, 2008). This is an important consideration; attempts at correlating load history with regional variations in histomorphological characteristics (i.e., between regions of the same cross-section) may be unsuccessful if it is anticipated that unidirectional bending is sufficient for evoking regional differences in matrix adaptations when the habitual loading is actually much more complex (i.e., shear strains are prevalent and diffusely distributed; Figure 1; Goldman et al, 2003;Havill et al, 2013;Mayya et al, 2013;Skedros, 2012;Skedros et al, 2015).…”

“…This is an important consideration; attempts at correlating load history with regional variations in histomorphological characteristics (i.e., between regions of the same cross-section) may be unsuccessful if it is anticipated that unidirectional bending is sufficient for evoking regional differences in matrix adaptations when the habitual loading is actually much more complex (i.e., shear strains are prevalent and diffusely distributed; Figure 1; Goldman et al, 2003;Havill et al, 2013;Mayya et al, 2013;Skedros, 2012;Skedros et al, 2015). In this context, it is notable that "highcomplexity" best characterizes the load histories of the regions of limb bones that are typically evaluated in anthropological studies of cortical bone histomorphology (Burr et al, 1990;Carando et al, 1989;Cooper et al, 2007;Demes et al, 2001;Feik et al 1996;Havill, 2004;Havill et al, 2013;Hillier and Bell, 2007;Martiniakov a et al, 2006;Miszkiewicz, 2016;Mulhern and Van Gerven, 1997;Paine and Godfrey, 1997;Pfeiffer et al, 2006;Portigliatti et al, 1984;Schaffler and Burr, 1984;Sinclair et al, 2013;Skedros et al, 2015;Urbanov a and Novotn y, 2005;Warshaw, 2008).…”

A review of trabecular bone functional adaptation: what have we learned from trabecular analyses in extant hominoids and what can we apply to fossils?

“…, ; Sinclair et al. ). In mammals in which the calcaneus does not touch the ground during locomotion, it experiences a regular cantilever‐like loading (i.e.…”

“…Thirdly, and most convincingly, are in vivo experimental analyses that test directly trabecular bone functional adaptation (Lanyon, 1974;Skerry & Lanyon, 1995;Biewener et al 1996;Mittra et al 2005;Pontzer et al 2006;Chang et al 2008;Polk et al 2008;Barak et al 2011;Harrison et al 2011). Many of the initial experimental studies focused on the mammalian calcaneus due to its predictable loading environment (Lanyon, 1973(Lanyon, , 1974Skerry & Lanyon, 1995;Biewener et al 1996;Skedros et al 2004Skedros et al , 2012Sinclair et al 2013). In mammals in which the calcaneus does not touch the ground during locomotion, it experiences a regular cantilever-like loading (i.e.…”