The Association of Depression and Anxiety with Pain: A Study from NESDA

Abstract

Chronic pain is commonly co-morbid with a depressive or anxiety disorder. Objective of this study is to examine the influence of depression, along with anxiety, on pain-related disability, pain intensity, and pain location in a large sample of adults with and without a depressive and/or anxiety disorder. The study population consisted of 2981 participants with a depressive, anxiety, co-morbid depressive and anxiety disorder, remitted disorder or no current disorder (controls). Severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms was also assessed. In separate multinomial regression analyses, the association of presence of depressive or anxiety disorders and symptom severity with the Chronic Pain Grade and location of pain was explored. Presence of a depressive (OR = 6.67; P<.001), anxiety (OR = 4.84; P<.001), or co-morbid depressive and anxiety disorder (OR = 30.26; P<.001) was associated with the Chronic Pain Grade. Moreover, symptom severity was associated with more disabling and severely limiting pain. Also, a remitted depressive or anxiety disorder showed more disabling and severely limiting pain (OR = 3.53; P<.001) as compared to controls. A current anxiety disorder (OR = 2.96; p<.001) and a co-morbid depressive and anxiety disorder (OR = 5.15; P<.001) were more strongly associated with cardio-respiratory pain, than gastro-intestinal or musculoskeletal pain. These findings remain after adjustment for chronic cardio respiratory illness. Patients with a current and remitted depressive and/or anxiety disorder and those with more severe symptoms have more disabling pain and pain of cardio-respiratory nature, than persons without a depressive or anxiety disorder. This warrants further research.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Persian Version of Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS-42): Non-Clinical Sample

“…In this regard, Clark and Watson (1) indicated to common variance and also specific variance between these two states in order to specify similarities and differences between these two emotional states by presenting tripartite anxiety and depression models. In fact, extensive studies showed anxiety and depression symptoms have high overlapping in young people (2).…”

Musculoskeletal Pain and Mental Agony Reacting to Ergonomic Risks in the Thai Informal Working Environment

“…The dysregulation in one or both of these neurotransmitters may dampen peripheral pain signals and finally contribute to the frequent presence of MSP symptoms (Marks et al, 2009;Tops et al, 2007). According to De Heer et al (2014), anxiety and burnout facilitates the central modulation of the pain response in the areas of periaqueductal gray, amygdala, and hypothalamus. When deficits occur in these areas, modulation of signals from the body is disturbed, leading to a more severe experience of pain.…”

Correlation of personal anxiety with myocardial infarction and angina debut

“…Есть предположе-ния, что хроническое болевое воздействие вызывает аф-фективные расстройства, приводящие к возникновению тревоги, последняя же в свою очередь участвует в форми-ровании «повышенной чувствительности» и поддержании очагов хронической боли [20]. Также в пользу этой тео-рии говорит тот факт, что при наличии очага хронической боли снижается эффективность лечения тревоги [8,25]. Однако стоит отметить, что существуют исследования, от-рицающие это взаимодействие, утверждая, что некоторые характеристики боли связаны с рецидивом депрессивных, но не тревожных расстройств [10].…”