The Bone-Adipose Axis in Obesity and Weight Loss

Gómez-Ambrosi, Javier; Rodríguez, Amaia; Catalán, Victoria; Frühbeck, Gema

doi:10.1007/s11695-008-9548-1

Cited by 143 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(192 reference statements)

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“…White adipose tissue (WAT) is the most abundant form, found in both subcutaneous and intraabdominal regions. WAT was first regarded only as an energy reservoir, however it is now well recognized as an endocrine organ due to its secretion of circulating adipokines and pro-inflammatory factors [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] . Obesity, defined as an abundance of WAT, has always been depicted as a protective factor against the development of bone loss and osteoporosis [5,6] , nevertheless several groups, including ours [11][12][13] , have recently demonstrated that high amounts of adipose tissue accumulation might not be considered a protective factor against the development of osteoporosis and fracture risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, adipose tissue not only stores excess triacylglycerols, but functions as an endocrine organ by releasing several adipokines, which appear to modulate glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, appetite and insulin resistance [14][15][16] . Additionally, the physiological relevance of adipose tissue for skeletal health likely resides in the role that some of these adipokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), might play by interfering with bone cells homeostasis [17][18][19][20] . Moreover, bone has started to be considered an endocrine organ itself affecting both body weight control and glucose homeostasis through the action of bone-derived factors such as osteocalcin and osteopontin [21,22] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Negative association between trunk fat, insulin resistance and skeleton in obese women

Greco¹,

Francomano²,

Fornari³

et al. 2013

WJD

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AIM:To evaluate the potential interference of trunk fat (TF) mass on metabolic and skeletal metabolism. METHODS:In this cross-sectional study, 340 obese women (mean age: 44.8 ± 14 years; body mass index: 36.0 ± 5.9 kg/m 2 ) were included. Patients were evaluated for serum vitamin D, osteocalcin (OSCA), inflammatory markers, lipids, glucose and insulin (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR) levels, and hormones profile. Moreover, all patients underwent measurements of bone mineral density (BMD; at lumbar and hip site) and body composition (lean mass, total and trunk fat mass) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.RESULTS: Data showed that: (1) high TF mass was inversely correlated with low BMD both at lumbar (P < 0.001) and hip (P < 0.01) sites and with serum vitamin D (P < 0.0005), OSCA (P < 0.0001) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1; P < 0.0001) levels; (2) a positive correlation was found between TF and HOMA-IR (P < 0.01), fibrinogen (P < 0.0001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P < 0.0001); (3) vitamin D levels were directly correlated with IGF-1 (P < 0.0005), lumbar (P < 0.006) and hip (P < 0.01) BMD; and (4) inversely with HOMA-IR (P < 0.001) and fibrinogen (P < 0.0005). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only vitamin D was independent of TF variable. CONCLUSION:In obese women, TF negatively correlates with BMD independently from vitamin D levels. Reduced IGF-1 and increased inflammatory markers might be some important determinants that account for this relationship. Core tip: Recent studies have shown that high fat mass content might be a risk factor for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. We evaluated obese women for vitamin D, osteocalcin, inflammatory markers, metabolic and hormones profile, bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Our results show that in obese women trunk fat negatively correlates with BMD independently from vitamin D levels, likely as consequence of reduced insulin-like growth factor-1 and increased inflammatory markers. These data indicate that obesity cannot be considered a protective factor for osteoporosis and suggest that obese postmenopausal women should be investigated for possible alterations of skeletal metabolism. ORIGINAL ARTICLEGreco EA, Francomano D, Fornari R, Marocco C, Lubrano C, Papa V, Wannenes F, Di Luigi L, Donini LM, Lenzi A, Aversa A, Migliaccio S. Negative association between trunk fat, insulin resistance and skeleton in obese women. World J Diabetes 2013; 4(2): 31-39 Available from:

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negative association between trunk fat, insulin resistance and skeleton in obese women

Greco¹,

Francomano²,

Fornari³

et al. 2013

WJD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition to adipose tissue, bone tissue has also emerged as endocrine organ that produces several osteokines with potential effects on energy homeostasis (6). Specifically, osteocalcin that has been traditionally considered a biological marker of bone formation has effects on body mass, energy expenditure (EE), and glucose homeostasis (6,8). It has been found that osteocalcin is not affected by menstrual cycle phase similar to adiponectin in female rowers (20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adiponectin and osteocalcin responses to rowing exercise, and the relationship to substrate oxidation in female rowers

et al. 2016

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This study investigated the effects of acute exercise and menstrual phase on adiponectin and osteocalcin concentrations, and the possible role of these biomarkers in exercise-induced substrate oxidation in rowers. Thirteen female rowers (19.3 ± 2.3 years; height: 172.7 ± 3.9 cm; body mass: 66.5 ± 7.9 kg) performed 1-h rowing ergometer exercise at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) during follicular phase and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), total energy expenditure (EE), carbohydrate EE, and lipid EE were assessed during the exercise. Venous blood samples were collected before and after ergometer exercise. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed in substrate oxidation values during exercise across menstrual cycle. Exercise resulted in an acute rise in osteocalcin and no changes in adiponectin at both menstrual cycle phases. Adiponectin and osteocalcin were not related across phase or time (r < 0.211; p > 0.05). Post-exercise adiponectin was related (p < 0.05) to mean VO 2 (r = 0.459) and total EE rate (r = 0.598), while post-exercise osteocalcin was correlated (p < 0.05) with mean total (r = 0.411) and lipid (r = 0.557) EE rates. In conclusion, menstrual cycle phase had no effect on substrate oxidation, and adiponectin and osteocalcin responses to acute exercise. It appears that adiponectin and osteocalcin may serve as signals for metabolic reaction to the energy cost of the acute exercise in female rowers.

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“…The putative mechanism relevance of adipose tissue for skeletal integrity probably resides in the role of several adipokines in bone remodeling through effect on both formation and resorption. Recently, bone has been considered an endocrine organ affecting body weight control and glucose homoeostasis through the actions of bone-derived factors such as osteocalcin and osteopontin [21][22][23][24] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is high bone mass index protective for osteoporosis? ‘Evaluation of relationship between body mass index, and bone mineral density in the population of the Himalayan region of India

Sharma¹,

Nagar²,

Shukla³

et al. 2017

Int. J. Orthop. Sci.

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Objective: Although several studies have done for relationship between obesity and bone mineral density (BMD), the results are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to further investigate the relation between age, weight, BMI and BMD in outpatients of Himalayan region. Materials and methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted on patients attending the outpatient Department of Orthopaedics of Shri Mahant Indiresh Hospital for a period of 3 years from September 2014 to September 2017. A total no. of 232 patients (198 F+ 34M) in the age group of 30 -90 years were selected randomly for the study. Exclusion criteria were age less than 30 and more than 90 years, confirmed cases of osteoporosis, patients on antiresorptive treatment, cases of surgically removed ovary and uterus, bone metastasis. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scans were obtained to assess presence of low BMD. BMI calculations and BMD T-Score at femoral neck were done in all patients. Participants were categorized in BMI group (underweight <18.5 kg/m 2 , normal weight ≤25.0 kg/m 2 , overweight BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 and obese ≥ 30 kg/m 2. ) and BMD groups (normal < -1, osteopenia -1 to < -2.5, osteoporosis ≥ -2.5 and severe osteoporosis > -3). Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Subjects with higher Bone Mass Index were having high bone mineral density and less prone for osteoporosis. It was also evident that subjects in the higher age group were more prone of having osteoporosis. So it can be concluded that Body Mass Index and BMD showed a positive correlation, whereas, advancing age is associated with low BMD.

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The Bone-Adipose Axis in Obesity and Weight Loss

Cited by 143 publications

References 120 publications

Negative association between trunk fat, insulin resistance and skeleton in obese women

Negative association between trunk fat, insulin resistance and skeleton in obese women

Adiponectin and osteocalcin responses to rowing exercise, and the relationship to substrate oxidation in female rowers

Is high bone mass index protective for osteoporosis? ‘Evaluation of relationship between body mass index, and bone mineral density in the population of the Himalayan region of India

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