The Cathedral of Bari, Italy: Evaluation of Environmental Effects on Stone Decay Phenomena

Torfs, K.; Grieken, R. Van; Zezza, Fulvio; Garcı́a, Nuria; Macrí, F.

doi:10.2307/1506750

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…On the contrary, in dry deposition, the acid aerosols and the airborne particulate matter depositions take place without the presence of the water. Particularly for buildings close to the sea, chloride and sulfate salts, which may affect the original composition of the buildings, cause different kinds of pathologies …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could marine aerosol contribute to deteriorate building materials from interior areas of lighthouses? An answer from the analytical chemistry point of view

Morillas

Maguregui

Gómez-Laserna

et al. 2013

J Raman Spectroscopy

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In this work, a multianalytical methodology based on a combination of spectroscopic techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and soluble salt analysis by means of ion chromatography followed by a correlation analysis of these data was applied, in order to identify the nature of the deterioration compounds present in different building materials located on inner rooms from the ground floor of the Igueldo lighthouse (San Sebastian, Basque Country, North of Spain), and in order to prove if marine aerosol could contribute to cause deterioration processes in this kind of materials. The main deterioration compounds identified were sulfate and nitrate salts. Taking into consideration the positioning of some materials, a gypsum plaster covering them could be the sulfate source responsible of the crystallisation process of a wide variety of sulfate salts. Nevertheless, in some areas were no gypsum plaster remains are present, ammonium sulfate crystallisations were identified. The presence of this kind of sulfate could suggest a possible sulfate input coming from the migration of ammonium sulfate (among other sulfate salts) carried on marine aerosol, which can be deposited on the facade of the lighthouse and migrate to its inner areas. The possible source of nitrates that could cause the crystallisation of a wide variety of nitrate salts identified in this work could be the infiltration of ammonium nitrates coming from seagull droppings from outdoor to indoor areas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could marine aerosol contribute to deteriorate building materials from interior areas of lighthouses? An answer from the analytical chemistry point of view

Morillas

Maguregui

Gómez-Laserna

et al. 2013

J Raman Spectroscopy

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show abstract

“…While the porosity of the rocks increases continuously, mechanical strength decreases due to the loss of the inter-granular binding material [25]. Stone decay mainly belongs to the following typologies: deposits on the stone surface (i.e., salts deposits-efflorescence-inside and black crusts on the outside part of the building [26]. Water passes to the surface and the crystals of salt deposit on the external surface.…”

Section: Environmental Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Environmental Impacts on Sandstone Blocks at Luxor Temple and Concepts for Conseration

Ahmed

2016

Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists

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Sandstone blocks were used in the construction of Luxor temple. However, they, especialy cement materials, were at a great risk because of being affected by various deterioration factors. Groundwater started to rise in and around the temple, causing serious deterioration aspects of the blocks. Therefore, the current study was conducted to focus on the role of pores and cement regarding the deterioration process of sandstone blocks in the temlpe. In order to conduct systematic investigation, it adopted SEM-EDX, PLM and XRD. Also, physical and mechanical properties were examined to evaluate the components of the sandstone, under the present environmental conditions. It also interpreted the investigations of onsite evaluation tests (non-and less-destructive). It also focused on other methods, e.g. humidity and salt analysis. The study ended develops some recommendations that fit sandstone address in Luxor Temple.

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“…In a Chinese contribution, Mao et al 410 measured Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn and Zn in ancient Chinese bronzes using a dissolution technique in which a portion of the sample solution was spotted onto a ®lter-paper. In an interesting application Torfs et al 411 investigated decay phenomena on the stonework of the Cathedral of Bari, Italy, using various analytical techniques, including EDXRF. Inside the cathedral, weathering of stone appeared to be mainly associated with marine salts, whereas outside, deterioration was mainly related to pollution effects.…”

Section: Archaeological and Forensicmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Potts¹,

Ellis²,

Kregsamer³

et al. 1999

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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The Cathedral of Bari, Italy: Evaluation of Environmental Effects on Stone Decay Phenomena

Cited by 4 publications

References 17 publications

Could marine aerosol contribute to deteriorate building materials from interior areas of lighthouses? An answer from the analytical chemistry point of view

Could marine aerosol contribute to deteriorate building materials from interior areas of lighthouses? An answer from the analytical chemistry point of view

Investigation of Environmental Impacts on Sandstone Blocks at Luxor Temple and Concepts for Conseration

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

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