The Changes in the Distribution of Body Water Accompanying Increase and Decrease in Extracellular Electrolyte

Darrow, Daniel C.; Yannet, Herman

doi:10.1172/jci100674

Cited by 268 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The immediate changes in the blood produced by loss of extracellular electrolyte are indicated by the samples taken at the end of the first day of Period B; i.e., about 18 hours after the production of the deficit of extracellular electrolyte. The changes to be noted are essentially the same as those described previously for samples taken about 4 hours after the production of the deficit (1). The blood became concentrated as is evidenced by the increased proportion of red cells in whole blood.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The immediate effects of removing extracellular electrolyte from animals without changing the total quantity of body water were described in a recent publication (1). The clinical evidences of dehydration which occurred were shown to be brought about by the shift of water from the extracellular to intracellular fluids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The methods and calculations of the blood analyses are the same as those used in a previous study (1). Stools and urine were analyzed by the following methods: nitrogen, Kjeldahl (3); chloride, Van Slyke (4); phosphorus, Mackay and Butler (5); sodium, Butler and Tuthill (6) after the removal of potassium as described by Hald (7); potassium, Hald's modification (7) of the method of Shohl and Bennet.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Metabolic Studies of the Changes in Body Electrolyte and Distribution of Body Water Induced Experimentally by Deficit of Extracellular Electrolyte 1

Darrow

Yannet²

1936

J. Clin. Invest.

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The immediate effects of removing extracellular electrolyte from animals without changing the total quantity of body water were described in a recent publication (1). The clinical evidences of dehydration which occurred were shown to be brought about by the shift of water from the extracellular to intracellular fluids.In the present investigations the depletion of extracellular electrolyte was allowed to persist for seven days. The mechanism of adjustment was studied by frequent blood analyses and determination of the balances of nitrogen, water and electrolyte. Together with more accurate knowledge of the concentration and volumes of intracellular and extracellular water and electrolytes (2), the data are suitable for testing certain hypotheses concerning the factors controlling the distribution and balance of body water and electrolyte.EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Dog 1 (Experiments 3 and 5) was a thin, active male who ate his food well when normal; Dog 2 (Experiments 2 and 4) was a fat female who took the diet less well. Except for the period of deficit of extracellular electrolyte, when food was refused, both dogs were in approximate nitrogen equilibrium or showed a slight positive balance.The animals were fed the kennel food until a week before the experiments were started, when an artificial diet was given. One kilogram of this diet consisted of commercial casein,

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Metabolic Studies of the Changes in Body Electrolyte and Distribution of Body Water Induced Experimentally by Deficit of Extracellular Electrolyte 1

Darrow

Yannet²

1936

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…It was during this period that pediatric scientists became interested in the definition of glomerular disorders and in fluid and electrolyte metabolism, the maintenance of normal volume and tonicity and acid-base status, as well as the pathophysiology of such disorders as rickets and diarrhea (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) (Table 1).…”

Section: The Origins Of Interest In Childhood Renal Diseases: 1820mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The field of study of the founding scholars, such as John Howland, Daniel Darrow, James L. Gamble, Alan Butler, W. Emmett Holt, McKim Marriott, A. Ritter von Reuss (Vienna), William Wallace, and others, has been termed metabolism (1,2,4,5). The field of metabolism encompassed classical studies of rickets, the acidosis of diarrheal dehydration, nephrosis, and factors regulating growth.…”

Section: The Origins Of Interest In Childhood Renal Diseases: 1820mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of Pediatric Nephrology

Chesney

2002

Pediatr Res

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The following is the first article in this series. It Pediatric nephrology, as a discipline, arose from descriptive studies of childhood glomerulonephritis in Europe and the field of pediatric metabolism in the United States. While pediatric scientists before 1950 were concerned with fluid and electrolyte metabolism, regulation of intracellular and extracellular fluid, acid-base homeostasis, and parenteral fluid therapy, the defined field of nephrology developed after the Second World War around six major advances: ACTH and glucocorticoid therapy for nephrotic syndrome; renal biopsy to diagnose glomerular disease; the role of immunologic factors in glomerular injury; the use of dialysis as renal replacement therapy; renal transplantation as the optimal form of therapy in children with end stage renal failure; and recognition of renal disease in the etiology of 80% of cases of childhood hypertension. These discoveries led to focused research, the definition of specific training in nephrology, establishment of an American, European, and an International Society of Pediatric Nephrology, as well as an American SubBoard of Pediatric Nephrology, and the inception of a journal, Pediatric Nephrology, now in its 15th year. Major research themes have included developmental nephrology, transplantation immunology, and concerns about growth in children with renal disease. Many clinical entities have been described in detail, some of which are almost confined to children. The scientific basis of pediatric nephrology, ongoing patient care needs, and its technical aspects -renal biopsy, dialysis and transplantationassure its continuing future as a major pediatric discipline on all continents. (Pediatr Res 52: 770-778, 2002) I. THE ORIGINS OF INTEREST IN CHILDHOOD RENAL DISEASES: 1820 -1950The development of the discipline of pediatric nephrology arose from clinical research conducted in the 130-year period from 1820 to 1950. It was during this period that pediatric scientists became interested in the definition of glomerular disorders and in fluid and electrolyte metabolism, the maintenance of normal volume and tonicity and acid-base status, as well as the pathophysiology of such disorders as rickets and diarrhea (1-5) ( Table 1).Pediatric kidney disease was initially considered from a descriptive rather than quantitative perspective. Early treatises on kidney diseases in children were remarkably accurate in terms of their clinical descriptions of various renal disorders, particularly glomerular conditions. In the 11th edition of Eduard Henoch's classic text Kinderkrankheiten (6), he describes

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Diseases of the Adrenal Glands

Kepler¹,

Willson²

1941

Arch Intern Med (Chic)

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The Changes in the Distribution of Body Water Accompanying Increase and Decrease in Extracellular Electrolyte

Cited by 268 publications

References 7 publications

Metabolic Studies of the Changes in Body Electrolyte and Distribution of Body Water Induced Experimentally by Deficit of Extracellular Electrolyte 1

Metabolic Studies of the Changes in Body Electrolyte and Distribution of Body Water Induced Experimentally by Deficit of Extracellular Electrolyte 1

The Development of Pediatric Nephrology

Diseases of the Adrenal Glands

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