The Characteristics of Sleepiness During Real Driving at Night—A Study of Driving Performance, Physiology and Subjective Experience

Sandberg, David; Anund, Anna; Fors, Carina; Kecklund, Göran; Karlsson, Johan; Wahde, Mattias; Åkerstedt, Torbjörn

doi:10.5665/sleep.1270

Cited by 83 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Yet simulators like the YDS are known to overestimate the performance deficit seen in real driving (Contardi et al, 2004). Confirming this, in a recent study of real driving, increases in subjective sleepiness (on the KSS) did not result in the expected increase in lane variability suggested from simulator studies (Sandberg et al, 2011). Therefore, although the current findings infer changes in driving ability, on-road testing is required to determine exactly how these results relate to real driving performance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Time-of-Day Mediates the Influences of Extended Wake and Sleep Restriction on Simulated Driving

Matthews

Ferguson

Zhou

et al. 2012

Chronobiology International

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Although a nonlinear time-of-day and prior wake interaction on performance has been well documented, two recent studies have aimed to incorporate the influences of sleep restriction into this paradigm. Through the use of sleep-restricted forced desynchrony protocols, both studies reported a time-of-day × sleep restriction interaction, as well as a time-of-day × prior wake × sleep dose three-way interaction. The current study aimed to investigate these interactions on simulated driving performance, a more complex task with ecological validity for the problem of fatigued driving. The driving performance of 41 male participants (mean ± SD: 22.8 ±2.2 yrs) was assessed on a 10-min simulated driving task with the standard deviation of lateral position (SDLAT) measured. Using a between-group design, participants were subjected to either a control condition of 9.33 h of sleep/18.66 h of wake, a moderate sleep-restriction (SR) condition of 7 h of sleep/21 h of wake, or a severe SR condition of 4.66 h of sleep/23.33 h of wake. In each condition, participants were tested at 2.5-h intervals after waking across 7 × 28-h d of forced desynchrony. Driving sessions occurred at nine doses of prior wake, within six divisions of the circadian cycle based on core body temperature (CBT). Mixed-models analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed significant main effects of time-of-day, prior wake, sleep debt, and sleep dose on SDLAT. Additionally, significant two-way interactions of time-of-day × prior wake and time-of-day × sleep debt, as well as significant three-way interactions of time-of-day × prior wake × sleep debt and time-of-day × sleep debt × sleep dose were observed. Although limitations such as the presence of practice effects and large standard errors are noted, the study concludes with three findings. The main effects demonstrate that extending wake, reducing sleep, and driving at poor times of day all significantly impair driving performance at an individual level. In addition to this, combining either extended wake or a sleep debt with the early morning hours greatly decreases driving performance. Finally, operating under the influence of a reduced sleep dose can greatly decrease performance at all times of the day.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Time-of-Day Mediates the Influences of Extended Wake and Sleep Restriction on Simulated Driving

Matthews

Ferguson

Zhou

et al. 2012

Chronobiology International

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“…Intriguingly, overall performance in sleep-deprived subjects is highly unstable, oscillating back and forth from normal levels to catastrophic mistakes (Doran et al, 2001; Zhou et al, 2011), just as would be expected given the stochastic, all-or-none occurrence of local sleep. In addition, the occurrence of local sleep at times in subcortical, arousal-promoting systems, and at other times in specific cortical areas, could explain the occasional dissociation between overall vigilance and specific cognitive functions under conditions of sleep deprivation (Blatter et al, 2005; Sagaspe et al, 2007; Sandberg et al, 2011). …”

Section: Some Open Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep and the Price of Plasticity: From Synaptic and Cellular Homeostasis to Memory Consolidation and Integration

Tononi

Cirelli

2014

Neuron

1,803

1,575

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Summary Sleep is universal, tightly regulated, and its loss impairs cognition. But why does the brain need to disconnect from the environment for hours every day? The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY) proposes that sleep is the price the brain pays for plasticity. During a waking episode, learning statistical regularities about the current environment requires strengthening connections throughout the brain. This increases cellular needs for energy and supplies, decreases signal-to-noise ratios, and saturates learning. During sleep, spontaneous activity renormalizes net synaptic strength and restores cellular homeostasis. Activity-dependent down-selection of synapses can also explain the benefits of sleep on memory acquisition, consolidation, and integration. This happens through the off-line, comprehensive sampling of statistical regularities incorporated in neuronal circuits over a lifetime. This review considers the rationale and evidence for SHY and points to open issues related to sleep and plasticity.

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“…Some studies have examined less precise but more ecologically valid measures. For example, night-time driving, which coincided with an increase in sleepiness, was found to be associated with an increase in lateral variability and reduced speed while driving (Sandberg et al 2011). In a review of California Department of Motor Vehicles driving records and reports, one study found that short sleepers are not at a higher risk for accidents or other violations (Kripke and Rex 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short and long sleep duration and risk of drowsy driving and the role of subjective sleep insufficiency

Maia

Grandner

Findley

et al. 2013

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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Experimental sleep restriction increases sleepiness and impairs driving performance. However, it is unclear whether short sleep duration in the general population is associated with drowsy driving. The goal of the present study was to evaluate whether individuals in the general population who obtained sleep of 6 hours or less are more likely to report drowsy driving, and evaluate the role of perceived sleep sufficiency. Data exploring whether subgroups of short sleepers (those who report the most or least unmet sleep need) show different risk profiles for drowsy driving are limited. From the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (N=31,522), we obtained the following self-reported data: 1) sleep duration (≤5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or ≥10h/night); 2) number of days/week of perceived insufficient sleep; 3) among drivers, yes/no response to: “During the past 30 days, have you ever nodded off or fallen asleep, even just for a brief moment, while driving?” 4) demographics, physical/mental health. Using 7h/night as reference, logistic regression analyses evaluated whether self-reported sleep duration was associated with drowsy driving. Overall, 3.6% reported drowsy driving. Self-identified short-sleepers reported drowsy driving more often, and long sleepers, less often. Among those who perceived sleep as always insufficient, drowsy driving was reported more often when sleep duration was ≤5h, 6h, or ≥10h. Among those who perceived sleep as always sufficient, drowsy driving was reported more often among ≤5h and 6h sleepers. Overall, drowsy driving was common, particularly in self-identified short-sleepers as a whole, as well as subgroups based on sleep insufficiency.

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The Characteristics of Sleepiness During Real Driving at Night—A Study of Driving Performance, Physiology and Subjective Experience

Abstract: Night driving is associated with high levels of subjective, electrophysiologic, and behavioral sleepiness.

Cited by 83 publications

References 41 publications

Time-of-Day Mediates the Influences of Extended Wake and Sleep Restriction on Simulated Driving

Time-of-Day Mediates the Influences of Extended Wake and Sleep Restriction on Simulated Driving

Sleep and the Price of Plasticity: From Synaptic and Cellular Homeostasis to Memory Consolidation and Integration

Short and long sleep duration and risk of drowsy driving and the role of subjective sleep insufficiency

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