The Chilling Optimum of Idaho and Arizona Ponderosa Pine Buds

Wenny, David L.; Swanson, Daniel J.; Dumroese, R. Kasten

doi:10.1093/wjaf/17.3.117

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The results of this latitudinal pattern are different from a study involving beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances in northern Poland showing later flushing by northern provenances [35]. The latitudinal pattern could be the result of earlier fulfillment of the chilling hour requirement by northern provenances, as days to budburst have been shown to decrease as chilling hour accumulation increases in ponderosa pine [36].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

Provenance Geographical and Climatic Characteristics Influence Budburst Phenology of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Seedlings

Dixit

Kolb

Burney

2020

Forests

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Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm.) forests of the southwestern US are threatened by climate change and deforestation. Information about geographic patterns of provenance variation in budburst phenology is needed to make decisions about selecting seed sources for future planting. In this study, provenance variation in the budburst phenology of ponderosa pine seedlings was examined using common garden studies. Seedlings from 21 provenances, representing an elevational gradient in Arizona and New Mexico, were planted in July 2018 at a ponderosa pine-dominated field site in northern Arizona. Field budburst was monitored weekly on all seedlings in the spring of 2019. Field budburst was compared with budburst timing of the same provenances measured under greenhouse conditions. The hypotheses for this study were that (1) budburst varies among provenances, with earlier budburst in low-elevation provenances, and (2) differences in budburst timing among provenances are consistent for seedlings grown in greenhouse and field environments. Field results show that provenances vary in budburst date and that low- and middle-elevation provenances break bud sooner than high-elevation provenances. Field budburst date had a moderate, positive correlation with provenance mean annual precipitation (r = 0.522) and a moderate, negative trend with latitude (r = −0.413). Budburst date of provenances in the greenhouse had a moderate, positive trend with budburst date in the field (r = 0.554), suggesting application of greenhouse results to field plantings. Such information about provenance variation and environmental and geographic trends in budburst timing will be useful for developing species-specific seed transfer guidelines and effective assisted migration strategies in a changing climate.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

Provenance Geographical and Climatic Characteristics Influence Budburst Phenology of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Seedlings

Dixit

Kolb

Burney

2020

Forests

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“…Although the information is based on only a few genotypes, the pine genotypes evaluated had similar observed responses. However, due to differences in the responses among pine species at low chilling and reported differences in responses to chilling or lack of chilling previously reported for ponderosa pine (Burr et al, 1989 ; Omi et al, 1991 ; Sloan, 1991 ; Wenny et al, 2002 ) we plan to follow up with trials involving more genotypes per pine species. Douglas-fir (Gould et al, 2011 ) and Pacific madrone (this study) both exhibited substantial differences in the possibility lines for genotypes within each species, indicating substantial genetic variation may exist in chilling and forcing requirements for budburst.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tradeoffs between chilling and forcing in satisfying dormancy requirements for Pacific Northwest tree species

Harrington

Gould

2015

Front. Plant Sci.

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Many temperate and boreal tree species have a chilling requirement, that is, they need to experience cold temperatures during fall and winter to burst bud normally in the spring. Results from trials with 11 Pacific Northwest tree species are consistent with the concept that plants can accumulate both chilling and forcing units simultaneously during the dormant season and they exhibit a tradeoff between amount of forcing and chilling. That is, the parallel model of chilling and forcing was effective in predicting budburst and well chilled plants require less forcing for bud burst than plants which have received less chilling. Genotypes differed in the shape of the possibility line which describes the quantitative tradeoff between chilling and forcing units. Plants which have an obligate chilling requirement (Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western larch, pines, and true firs) and received no or very low levels of chilling did not burst bud normally even with long photoperiods. Pacific madrone and western redcedar benefited from chilling in terms of requiring less forcing to promote bud burst but many plants burst bud normally without chilling. Equations predicting budburst were developed for each species in our trials for a portion of western North America under current climatic conditions and for 2080. Mean winter temperature was predicted to increase 3.2–5.5°C and this change resulted in earlier predicted budburst for Douglas-fir throughout much of our study area (up to 74 days earlier) but later budburst in some southern portions of its current range (up to 48 days later) as insufficient chilling is predicted to occur. Other species all had earlier predicted dates of budburst by 2080 than currently. Recent warming trends have resulted in earlier budburst for some woody plant species; however, the substantial winter warming predicted by some climate models will reduce future chilling in some locations such that budburst will not consistently occur earlier.

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“…Conifer seedlings stored in freezers required more days of favorable conditions to become physiologically active compared to cooler stored seedlings [209]. The gas exchange capability of frozen stored spruce seedlings took from one [210][211][212] to four weeks [184,213] before they were comparable to actively growing seedlings.…”

Section: Interior Sprucementioning

confidence: 99%

Fall Acclimation and the Lift/Store Pathway: Effect on Reforestation

Grossnickle¹,

South²

2014

TOFSCIJ

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This review compares fall acclimation patterns and lift/store practices for Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss x P. engelmannii Parry ex engelm and Pinus taeda L. seedlings. Spruce seedlings achieve budset and an endodormant state in late summer, coastal Douglas-fir in early fall, while loblolly pine achieves a less endodormant state with a limited amount of mitotic activity. Natural chilling during the fall reduces days to budbreak (DBB) and increases freezing tolerance, with northern species achieving greater freezing tolerance. Although root growth potential (RGP) in some years may increase from early fall to midwinter , this trend does not always occur. Chilling hours and/or freezing tolerance status is used to initiate storage of Douglas-fir and spruce seedlings but there is no proven attribute to make the lifting decision for loblolly pine. When properly hardened, all species can be cooler stored to meet lift/store requirements of a few months, though fall lifted interior spruce seedlings are typically freezer stored for up to six months. Lengthy storage can cause declines in DBB, freezing tolerance, RGP, and carbohydrate reserves. Douglas-fir and interior spruce seedlings require an appropriate length of fall acclimation, typically including chilling, to develop a level of hardiness for lengthy storage and high survival after outplanting. Loblolly pine seedlings benefit from chilling, though non-chilled, hardened seedlings may exhibit high survival after four weeks of cooler storage. Each species has a unique fall acclimation pattern making it difficult to define universal culture practices across all regional forest regeneration programs.

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The Chilling Optimum of Idaho and Arizona Ponderosa Pine Buds

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Provenance Geographical and Climatic Characteristics Influence Budburst Phenology of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Seedlings

Provenance Geographical and Climatic Characteristics Influence Budburst Phenology of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Seedlings

Tradeoffs between chilling and forcing in satisfying dormancy requirements for Pacific Northwest tree species

Fall Acclimation and the Lift/Store Pathway: Effect on Reforestation

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