The combat exposure scale: A systematic assessment of trauma in the vietnam war

Lund, Mary; Foy, David W.; Sipprelle, Carl N.; Strachan, Angus M.

doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198411)40:6<1323::aid-jclp2270400607>3.0.co;2-i

Cited by 147 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…and PTSD symptom severity [43][44][45]. However, contrary to the common assumption that greater trauma exposure might produce more severe PTSD, findings from one study suggest that the causal relationship might be reversed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Intensity dependence of auditory P2 in monozygotic twins discordant for Vietnam combat: Associations with posttraumatic stress disorder

Metzger

Pitman²,

Miller³

et al. 2008

JRRD

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Abstract-Two studies have reported decreased intensity dependence of the P2 event-related potential (ERP) in male combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a response pattern presumed to reflect central nervous systeminduced protective inhibition and heightened central serotonergic activity. We used an identical twin, case-control design to investigate whether intensity dependence abnormalities reflect pretrauma vulnerability or are an acquired consequence of PTSD. ERPs were measured in male Vietnam combat veterans and their noncombat-exposed monozygotic twin brothers during a four-tone, stimulus-intensity modulation procedure. Contrary to previous findings in male veterans, the PTSD group had significantly steeper P2 amplitude intensity slopes, similar to those reported for female veterans and abused children with PTSD. Additionally, increased P2 amplitude intensity slope was associated with increased PTSD symptom severity, particularly the severity of reexperiencing symptoms. A mixed-model, random-effects analysis that included the combat-unexposed twins revealed a significant diagnosis by combat exposure interaction. Inspection of group means suggests that the observed increased P2 intensity dependence is a consequence of PTSD. Our findings further suggest that low serotonergic tone may emerge as one potential consequence of this disorder.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Intensity dependence of auditory P2 in monozygotic twins discordant for Vietnam combat: Associations with posttraumatic stress disorder

Metzger

Pitman²,

Miller³

et al. 2008

JRRD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The instrument is administered easily as part of military history taking, requires only yes or no responding, and is not restricted in scope to infantry combat experience. A recent report (Lund, Foy, Sipprelle, & Strachan, 1984) provided full consideration of possible advantages of the Combat Exposure Scale in comparison with other available instruments. One limitation of the present replication is that the two least frequently endorsed items in the original scale were not included.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder etiology: Replicated findings in a national sample of Vietnam-era men

Foy

Card

1987

J. Clin. Psychol.

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To examine the generality of recent findings on PTSD etiology in help‐seeking Vietnam combat veterans, replication was attempted with data from a national study of Vietnam‐era men that included combat veterans. Use of a Guttman scaling technique for assessing combat exposure was found to be robust for use with a national nonclinical sample as well. In addition, multiple regression analysis was used to examine predictive relationships between premilitary adjustment, military adjustment, combat exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results obtained from the national sample showed the same patterning as that reported from the smaller clinical sample. Combat exposure was related significantly to PTSD symptomatology, while premilitary adjustment was not. A previously identified discriminant function, composed of psychological symptoms not found in the DSM III criteria for PTSD, also was cross‐validated.

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“…Most had never taken psychotropic medication. The combat exposure scale (Lund et al, 1984) was 24.36 ± 2.829 in the PTSD veterans and 16.86 ± 1.334 in the no-PTSD veterans. The day before CSF collection, the mean Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) (Blake et al, 1995) and Beck Depression Index (Beck et al, 1961) were administered.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder

Sah

Ekhator

Jefferson-Wilson

et al. 2014

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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SummaryAccruing evidence indicates that neuropeptide Y (NPY), a peptide neurotransmitter, is a resilience-to-stress factor in humans. We previously reported reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NPY concentrations in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subjects as compared with healthy, non-combat-exposed volunteers. Here we report CSF NPY in combat-exposed veterans with and without PTSD. We quantified NPY concentrations in morning CSF from 11 male subjects with PTSD from combat in Iraq and/or Afghanistan and from 14 combat-exposed subjects without PTSD. NPY-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) was measured by EIA. The relationship between CSF NPY and clinical symptoms, as measured by the ClinicianAdministered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), was assessed, as was the relationship between combat exposure scale (CES) scores and CSF NPY. As compared with the combat-exposed comparison subjects without PTSD, individuals with PTSD had significantly lower concentrations of CSF NPY [mean CSF NPY was 258.6 ± 21.64 pg/mL in the combat trauma-no PTSD group but only 180.5 ± 12.62 pg/mL in PTSD patients (p = 0.008)]. After adjusting for CES and BDI scores the two groups were still significantly different with respect to NPY. Importantly, CSF NPY was negatively correlated with composite CAPS score and intrusive (re-experiencing) subscale scores, but did not significantly correlate with CES or BDI scores. Our current findings further suggest that NPY may regulate the manifestation of PTSD symptomatology, and extend previous observations of low CSF NPY concentrations in the disorder. Central nervous system NPY may be a clinically important pharmacotherapeutic target, and/or diagnostic measure, for PTSD.

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The combat exposure scale: A systematic assessment of trauma in the vietnam war

Cited by 147 publications

References 6 publications

Intensity dependence of auditory P2 in monozygotic twins discordant for Vietnam combat: Associations with posttraumatic stress disorder

Intensity dependence of auditory P2 in monozygotic twins discordant for Vietnam combat: Associations with posttraumatic stress disorder

Combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder etiology: Replicated findings in a national sample of Vietnam-era men

Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder

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