The component leaching from decellularized pericardial bioscaffolds and its implication in the macrophage response

Abstract

The extracellular matrix molecules remaining in bioscaffolds derived from decellularized xenogeneic tissues appear to be important for inducing cell functions conducting tissue regeneration. Here, we studied whether decellularization methods, that is, detergent Triton X-100 (TX) alone and TX combined with reversible alkaline swelling (STX), applied to bovine pericardial tissue, could affect the bioscaffold components. The in vitro macrophage response, subdermal biodegradation, and cell infiltration were also studied. The results indicate a lower leaching of fibronectin, but a higher leaching of laminin and sulfated glycosaminoglycans from tissues decellularized with STX and TX, respectively. The in vitro secretion of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein by RAW264.7 macrophages is promoted by decellularized bioscaffold leachates. A lower polymorphonuclear cell density is observed around decellularized bioscaffolds at 1-day implantation; concurrently showing a higher cell infiltration in STX- than in TX-implant. Cells infiltrated into TX-implant show a fibroblastic morphology at 7-day implantation, concurrently the capillary formation is observed at 14-day. Pericardial bioscaffolds suffer biodegradation more pronounced in STX- than in TX-implant. Both TX and STX decellularization methods favor a high leaching of basal lamina components, which presumably promotes a faster macrophage stimulation compared to nondecellularized tissue, and appear to be associated with an increased host cell infiltration in a rat subdermal implantation. Meanwhile, the connective tissue components leaching from TX decellularized bioscaffolds, unlike the STX ones, appear to be associated with an enhanced angiogenesis accompanied by an early-promoted fibroblastic cell transition. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2810-2822, 2016.

Chemical cross‐linking of xenopericardial biomeshes: A bottom‐up study of structural and functional correlations

“…In practice, a xenogeneic tissue is usually rendered acellular in order to minimize the immune response and rejection. This is typically accomplished by washing the tissue in a detergent, enzymatic or alkaline solution . In our current study, we used a decellularization protocol incorporating sodium hydroxide treatment which is considered effective in terms of prevention of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy transmission and has already proven itself suitable on the healthcare market .…”

“…The confluency and morphology of the cells were examined by CLSM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after 76 h in culture. For the CLSM analysis the cells were stained with a vital dye set, Calcein‐AM/EthD‐1 (LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit for mammalian cells, Invitrogen), rinsed with PBS trice and observed by CLSM (see the details in Section 2.14) in order to record the green live cells and the red dead cells …”

Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Materials for Cardiac Repair and Regeneration

“…Early studies evaluated dECM scaffolds in mice models and saw that exogenically implanted dECM induced acute inflammatory responses followed by chronic inflammation and ultimate graft necrosis and rejection . However, most recent studies using in vivo models of dECM therapy in rats and pigs saw little immune response with implanted xenogeneic scaffolds and showed that degradation products from variety of dECM materials activate constructive M2 macrophage phenotype . Mendoza‐Novelo et al showed that leaching of basement membrane components may be responsible for promoting faster macrophage stimulation and decreased inflammation.…”

Acellular pericardium: A naturally hierarchical, osteoconductive, and osteoinductive biomaterial for guided bone regeneration

“…Healing of a calvarial defect involves intramembranous ossification, which relies on direct differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells into osteoblasts (Runyan & Gabrick, 2017). In the present study, we and GAG, all of which are well-known factors involved in cell adhesion and growth, which activated M2 macrophages and enhanced vascularization (Mendoza-Novelo et al, 2016). The action of ECM degradation components is another potential mechanism of ECM modulating tissue regeneration (Robb, Shridhar, & Flynn, 2017).…”