The cost of safety: Refuges increase the impact of predation risk in aquatic systems

Orrock, John L.; Preisser, Evan L.; Grabowski, Jonathan H.; Trussell, Geoffrey C.

doi:10.1890/12-0502.1

Cited by 111 publications

(123 citation statements)

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“…Although a number of factors, such as prey state (Luttbeg et al 2003), predator foraging mode (Schmitz et al 2004), resource identity (Trussell et al 2008), and refuge quality (Grabowski 2004, Orrock et al 2013 can shape whether prey decide to feed or hide, this study reveals that parental experience with risk can strongly shape prey foraging decisions and their consequences. When subjected to risk, the offspring of risk-experienced parents were bolder than those of risk-free parents, spending 30% more time in the risky habitat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In many systems, prey facing this dilemma utilize refuge habitats to reduce their vulnerability to predators at the expense of reduced foraging gains because these habitats are often resource poor (Orrock et al 2013). Consistent with a considerable body of work (for review, see Werner and Peacor [2003]), this trade-off was evident in the offspring of risk-free parents: when exposed to risk, these offspring spent less time in the risky habitat and foraged and grew less than their counterparts that were not exposed to risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The positive effects of such habitat shifts, however, can also involve costs such as decreased food availability (Orrock et al 2013), increased competition with conspecifics (Persson 1993), or lower quality resources (Schmitz et al 1997). Thus, habitat shifts can be a key factor in the calculus of prey foraging decisions, their consequences for prey fitness, and the strength of trait-mediated trophic cascades both in and out of refuge habitats (Grabowski 2004, Creel et al 2005, Orrock et al 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parental effects enhance risk tolerance and performance in offspring

Donelan

Trussell

2015

Ecology

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Abstract. Predation risk can strongly influence community dynamics through its effects on prey foraging decisions that often involve habitat shifts (i.e., from risky to refuge habitats). Although the within-generation effects of risk on prey are well appreciated, the effects of parental experience with risk on offspring decision-making and growth are poorly understood. The capacity of parents to prepare their offspring for potential risk exposure may be adaptive when the likelihood of eventual risk exposure is high and be instrumental in shaping how offspring allocate their foraging effort and habitat use. Using a simple rocky intertidal food chain, we examined the influence of parental exposure to predator risk cues on the behavior, foraging, and tissue maintenance of offspring exposed to the presence and absence of risk. We found that offspring of risk-experienced parents were bolder. When confronted with risk, these offspring spent more time out of refuge habitat, foraged more, and maintained more tissue than offspring of risk-free parents. Thus, parental experience with risk was most important when offspring were exposed to risk. These results suggest that the effects of parental experience with predation risk on offspring traits strongly shape the transmission of risk effects in ecological communities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parental effects enhance risk tolerance and performance in offspring

Donelan

Trussell

2015

Ecology

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“…This said, habitat complexity could work to facilitate predation (Marinelli and Coull 1987). This can occur through within refuge competition between prey (Orrock et al 2013) and utilization of structure by predator; such as lionfish using overhanging structures for ambush predation (Biggs and Olden 2011). This may explain the shorter handling time and therefore, higher maximum feeding rate, in the higher complexity habitat despite having a lower attack rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting predatory impact of juvenile invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) on a crustacean prey using functional response analysis: effects of temperature, habitat complexity and light regimes

et al. 2017

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The ecological implications of biotic interactions, such as predator-prey relationships, are often context-dependent. Comparative functional responses analysis can be used under different abiotic contexts to improve understanding and prediction of the ecological impact of invasive species. Pterois volitans (Lionfish) [Linnaeus 1758] is an established invasive species in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with a more recent invasion into the Mediterranean. Lionfish are generalist predators that impact a wide range of commercial and non-commercial species. Functional response analysis was employed to quantify interaction strength between lionfish and a generic prey species, the shrimp (Paleomonetes varians) [Leach 1814], under the contexts of differing temperature, habitat complexity and light wavelength. Lionfish have prey population destabilising Type II functional responses under all contexts examined. Significantly more prey were consumed at 26°C than at 22°C. Habitat complexity did not significantly alter the functional response parameters. Significantly more prey were consumed under white light and blue light than under red light. Attack rate was significantly higher under white light than under blue or red light. Light wavelength did not significantly change handling times. The impacts on prey populations through feeding rates may increase with concomitant temperature increase. As attack rates are very high at low habitat complexity this may elucidate the cause of high impact upon degraded reef ecosystems with lowdensity prey populations, although there was little protection conferred through habitat complexity. Only red light (i.e. dark) afforded any reduction in predation pressure. Management initiatives should account for these environmental factors when planning mitigation and prevention strategies.

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“…Interestingly, a meta-analysis of altered habitat preferences in aquatic systems suggests that increased use of refuges increases the magnitudes of NCEs [44]. One possible explanation for this could be that refuging increases prey density, thereby increasing levels of resource competition, which itself has been demonstrated to increase the strength of NCEs [45,46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonconsumptive Effects of Predation and Impaired Chemosensory Risk Assessment on an Aquatic Prey Species

Elvidge

Brown

2015

International Journal of Ecology

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Weak levels of acidity impair chemosensory risk assessment by aquatic species which may result in increased predator mortalities in the absence of compensatory avoidance mechanisms. Using replicate populations of wild juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in neutral and acidic streams, we conducted a series of observational studies and experiments to identify differences in behaviours that may compensate for the loss of chemosensory information on predation risk. Comparing the behavioural strategies of fish between neutral and acidic streams may elucidate the influence of environmental degradation on nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) of predation. Salmon in acidic streams are more active during the day than their counterparts in neutral streams, and are more likely to avoid occupying territories offering fewer physical refugia from predators. Captive cross-population transplant experiments indicate that at equal densities, salmon in acidic streams do not demonstrate relative decreases in growth rate as a result of their different behavioural strategies. Instead, altering diel activity patterns to maximize visual information use and occupying relatively safer territories appear sufficient to offset increased predation risk in acidic streams. Additional strategies such as elevated foraging rates during active periods or adopting riskier foraging tactics are necessary to account for the observed similarities in growth rates.

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The cost of safety: Refuges increase the impact of predation risk in aquatic systems

Cited by 111 publications

References 50 publications

Parental effects enhance risk tolerance and performance in offspring

Parental effects enhance risk tolerance and performance in offspring

Predicting predatory impact of juvenile invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) on a crustacean prey using functional response analysis: effects of temperature, habitat complexity and light regimes

Nonconsumptive Effects of Predation and Impaired Chemosensory Risk Assessment on an Aquatic Prey Species

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