The COVID-19 Pandemic and Nature-Based Tourism, Scenario Planning Approach (Case Study of Nature-Based Tourism in Iran)

Komasi, Hossein; Zolfani, Sarfaraz Hashemkhani; Cavallaro, Fausto

doi:10.3390/su14073954

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Natural and human tourism capacities (domestic and foreign): Tourism is very important in the development and sustainability of countries [44,45], and through job creation, it improves economic development [46]. Kermanshah province, in general, and Kermanshah city, in particular, have provided the possibility that Kermanshah city has the potential to become one of the national and regional tourism hubs.…”

Section: Analysis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Competitiveness: Identification and Analysis of Sustainable Key Drivers (A Case Study in Iran)

et al. 2022

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From the mid-1990s onwards, the concept of competitiveness was introduced to firms at the level of countries, regions, and cities. It was used as an index of the success and superiority of places. The present study used quantitative (survey) and qualitative methods in the framework of the exploratory paradigm to achieve key driving variables affecting the competitiveness of Kermanshah. The present study was applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive–analytical nature and research method. The study’s statistical population consisted of experts related to the Kermanshah competitiveness index, which studied 30 experts using the snowball method. MICMAC software was used to analyze the research data. Findings indicated that out of a total of 54 variables affecting the competitiveness of Kermanshah, 11 variables were in this group, which were the role of Kermanshah city in the power structure (MIN1); geographical and strategic location (MIN4); national, regional, and local plans (MIN5); management (MIN6); clean and healthy air (ENV1); potential sources of soil and water (ENV2); security of space (SEC2); the agricultural sector (ECO7); domestic tourism (ECO16); foreign tourism (ECO17); and sustainable sources of income (ECO19). The final model of Kermanshah’s future competitiveness will be that in the first stage, if the government (administration and government structure), in the form of national, regional, and local programs, pays attention to the competitive advantages of places. Especially, in large cities, and eliminating regional inequalities and in the next stage, local government (officials, managers, and all planners as the executive department) will need to act in order to operationalize the competitiveness of the city. With the correct use of opportunities and potentials (economic, socio-cultural, environmental, and security), in the 20-year horizon, Kermanshah will be a city with national and even transnational competitiveness. Otherwise, in addition to burning opportunities and destroying the capabilities of Kermanshah, other places adjacent to Kermanshah province will gradually be involved in challenges; tensions; and economic, cultural, social, environmental, security, and other crises.

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Section: Analysis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Competitiveness: Identification and Analysis of Sustainable Key Drivers (A Case Study in Iran)

et al. 2022

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“…Forms of tourism that fall under the ambit of NBT (as illustrated in Figure 1) are safari tourism, wildlife tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, agricultural tourism, protected area tourism, desert tourism, marine tourism, and arctic tourism [6,[35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Typology Of Nbt Activities and Their Interrelatednessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Strategies for Sustaining Nature-Based Tourism amid Global Health Crises: A Global Perspective

Gumede¹,

Nzama²,

Mdiniso³

2024

Integrative Approaches in Urban Sustainability - Architectural Design, Technological Innovations and Social Dynamics in Global

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Nature-based tourism (NBT) is one of the most rapidly growing segments of the global service economic space. However, as its success and sustainability are dependent largely on human mobility, NBT is susceptible to economic disruptions triggered by the advent of unprecedented hazardous global phenomena. Literary evidence has revealed that certain strategies, such as strict health protocols and guidelines for tourism reactivation, have been implemented by tourist destinations to sustain tourism activities amid disastrous pandemics and epidemics. Health-related and general safety issues have been at the helm of policy and decision making in tourism-related initiatives to enhance the image of ideal tourist destinations. Such events, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic that introduced stringent regulations, have caused the tourism industry and its sub-sets to be completely transformed from being ‘normal sectoral environments characterized by optimistic economic prospects’ to ‘new normal environments characterized by uncertain economic prospects’. According to the business theory, the success of an enterprise is determined by assumptions relating to its environment, the accomplishment of its mission, its service competency, and the utilisation of resources that enable the achievement of its mission. The social exchange theory proposes interactions that create commitment and an enabling environment to build strong relationships under certain conditions. This is applicable to the tourist industry as tourists travel to destinations that adapt to unprecedented conditions on a par with evolving environmental demands.

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“…Despite having diverse and valuable attractions, ecotourism in Iran did not have favorable conditions before the Covid-19 pandemic. After the epidemic, its situation has become much more unfavorable ( 19 ). One of the ecotourism areas of Iran is Lorestan province.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They believe that the eco-tourism system and the relationship that the community has built with other local organizations have created sufficient tools to adapt to the effects of environmental crises. Komasi et al ( 19 ), believe that five items are necessary to the development of nature-based tourism in Iran: national, regional, and global safety; economic stability; private sector participation; human crises such as diseases, wars, etc. national and international advertising, and travel costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The unpleasant consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic on most businesses and the various problems it has created for them are undeniable. Among these businesses are the activities of ecotourism destinations, which have faced many destination challenges (17)(18)(19)(20). This epidemic has caused the reduction of activity or the complete closure of many ecotourism destinations (16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on ecotourism, a study from West of Iran

Rahimian

Rad

Zareei

2022

Front. Public Health

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Most tourism researchers agree on the effects of the COVID-19 on ecotourism. The present study aims to assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the ecotourism status in Lorestan province in Iran. To this aim, 29 effects were identified using Delphi technique. According to results, the effects were divided into six categories including the decreased number of incoming tourists, the reduced activity of hotels and resorts, the declined income of goods and service suppliers for tourists, the decreased activity of travel agencies and tourist tours, as well as positive and negative environmental effects. Generally, the results provide new knowledge in the field of ecotourism crisis management. In addition, the identified effects provide the basis for further research on the method of reducing the negative effects.

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The COVID-19 Pandemic and Nature-Based Tourism, Scenario Planning Approach (Case Study of Nature-Based Tourism in Iran)

Cited by 13 publications

References 46 publications

Urban Competitiveness: Identification and Analysis of Sustainable Key Drivers (A Case Study in Iran)

Urban Competitiveness: Identification and Analysis of Sustainable Key Drivers (A Case Study in Iran)

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Strategies for Sustaining Nature-Based Tourism amid Global Health Crises: A Global Perspective

The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on ecotourism, a study from West of Iran

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