The cue-familiarity heuristic in metacognition.

Metcalfe, Janet; Schwartz, Bennett L.; Joaquim, Scott G.

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.19.4.851

Cited by 243 publications

(314 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…This is consistent with the abundance of research that has established the importance of cues in metacognitive judgments (e.g. Metcalfe, Schwartz & Joaquim, 1993, Koriat & Lieblich, 1977, Schwartz & Smith, 1997.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Negative affect does not impact semantic retrieval failure monitoring.

Jersakova¹,

Souchay²,

Allen³

2015

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne

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This study investigated the effect of the emotional nature of to-be-retrieved material on semantic retrieval monitoring. Across two groups, participants were either asked whether they have experienced a tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state or to make a feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgment. We examined the overall reporting rate as well as subjective (not accompanied by partial information recall) TOT and FOK reporting, comparing whether these differed between emotional (negatively valenced and arousing) and neutral items. The results demonstrated that emotion does not impact semantic TOT and FOK reports, a conclusion supported by Bayesian analysis of the results. The outcomes extend other findings in the metamemory literature, and are discussed with a focus on future research avenues concerning interactions between emotion and metamemory.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Negative affect does not impact semantic retrieval failure monitoring.

Jersakova¹,

Souchay²,

Allen³

2015

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne

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“…Schwartz and Metcalfe also found that FOK ratings were not influenced by the degree of target encoding, whereas recall was influenced by this factor. Together, these findings represent dissociations between FOKs and actual knowing, and such dissociations have been obtained several times (see, e.g., Metcalfe et al, 1993;Reder & Ritter, 1992). Both tasks, knowing ratings and recall, apparently can be based on different sources of information, with FOKs being particularly sensitive to cue-based sources.…”

Section: Feelings Of Knowing and Cue-based Sources Of Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FOKs appear to be particularly sensitive to cue-based sources of information, but that is not always the case for other tasks, such as recall (see, e.g., Metcalfe, 1993;Metcalfe, Schwartz, & Joaquim, 1993;Reder & Ritter, 1992;Schwartz, 1994;Schwartz & Metcalfe, 1992). Schwartz and Metcalfe compared the effects of the degree of cue encoding (i.e., cue familiarization) and of the degree of target encoding on FOK ratings and cued recall.…”

Section: Feelings Of Knowing and Cue-based Sources Of Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One way to summarize these two sets offindings is to assume that FOKs provide a rapid means for evaluating cue effectiveness and that both cue familiarization and competition play independent roles in this evaluation. The first component of the cue effectiveness hypothesis assumes that, when prior acts ofencoding cause the test cue to be perceived as more familiar and to be recognized, people are more likely to attribute to it effectiveness in producing the target later on (see, e.g., Metcalfe, 1993;Metcalfe et al, 1993;Reder & Ritter, 1992;Schwartz, 1994;Schwartz & Metcalfe, 1992). As such, the more strongly the cue was encoded in the past as a result ofrehearsal processes or other acts of encoding, the greater its perceived familiarity and the more positive the FOK.…”

Section: Feelings Of Knowing and Cue-based Sources Of Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of target set sizeon feelings of knowing and cued recall: Implications for the cue effectiveness andpartial-retrieval hypotheses

Schreiber

1998

Mem Cogn

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Target set size refers to the number of preexisting connections a studied word has to closely related concepts in long-term memory. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether target set size influences feeling-of-knowing (FOK) ratings. The results showed that ratings were higher for targets connected to smaller sets, as compared with those connected to larger sets. Comparable effects were obtained with the use of different encoding strategies, including concreteness classifications and vowel naming, and with both meaningfully and phonologically related test cues. These findings indicate that FOKs are sensitive to competition between concepts linked to the target and that this sensitivity is independent of encoding strategy and type of test cue. Response time measures indicated that FOKs are sensitive to competition that arises when concepts are activated in parallel, whereas recall is more sensitive to competition that arises during sampling associated with search. Implications for various cue-based and target-based explanations of FOK effects are discussed.When people are unable to remember previously learned information they nevertheless can have a sense of whether they will be able to remember it later on (see, e.g., Blake, 1973;Eysenck, 1979;Hart, 1967; Leonesio & T. O. Nelson, 1990;Metcalfe, 1993; T. O. Nelson, Gerler, & Narens, 1984;Schacter, 1983; Schreiber & D. L. Nelson, in press;Schwartz & Metcalfe, 1992). A particularly vivid example ofthis phenomenon is the case of a person who has a tipof-the-tongue (TOT) experience. In this special case, a person is unable to recall the sought-after target information but nevertheless has a high feeling of knowing (FOK) for it (for a review, see Brown, 1991). On what kinds of factors are these feelings based, given that the targeted information is not accessible explicitly? Although the TOT example is a useful illustration, feelings of knowing are not limited to this special case. They represent a more general phenomenon, most likely occurring whenever people receive a memory prompt (Koriat, 1993;Reder & Ritter, 1992). Essentially they are predictions offuture memory performance, and they may play an important functional role in memory. Various researchers have proposed that such predictions are used to regulate the flow of processing during retrieval. For example, given a moderate to high FOK computed during the early stages of retrieval, a person may decide to initiate a more extensive search of memory. Given a very low FOK, a search may not be iniSome ofthe data reported in this article also were reported at the 35th annual meeting ofthe Psychonomic Society, November 1994, St. Louis. Correspondence should be addressed to T. Schreiber, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 426 Fraser Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045 (e-mail: schreibe@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu).-Accepted by previous editor, Geoffrey R. Loftus tiated at all (Reder, 1988;Reder & Ritter, 1992). FOKs also may be used as a basis for deciding when search should be terminated (Koriat, 1993 Th...

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“…Jacoby, and others, have made the case that implicit information may contribute to judgments such as fame (Jacoby, Kelley, Brown, & Jasechko, 1989), likeability, and social judgments (Bargh & Pietromonoco, 1982), and Koriat's case seems compelling: sometimes this kind of information is used when people are asked metacognitive judgments as well (Benjamin & Bjork, 1996). Indeed, studies such as those based on cue-familiarity (Metcalfe, Schwartz, & Joaquim, 1993;Reder & Ritter, 1992;Schwartz & Metcalfe, 1992), in which activation of the cue produces increases in people's feelings that they will know the target, even though the cue activation in no way increases the probability of target retrieval, lend support to this view, just as Koriat suggests. My reservation about the idea is not that I deny that implicit information can contribute to feelings of knowing, it is rather that I have slowly become convinced that these are not the only feeling states that are of importance in these judgments, and that, in some cases, people have access to the target itself.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feelings and Judgments of Knowing: Is There a Special Noetic State?

Metcalfe

2000

Consciousness and Cognition

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A. Koriat distinguishes between feeling-based and inferentially based feeling-of-knowing judgments. The former are attributable to partial information that is activated in implicit memory but not fully articulated. They are not, however, attributable to direct access to the target-an hypothesis that Koriat specifically repudiates. While there is considerable merit in the distinction that Koriat draws, and his emphasis on the possibility that people base at least some of their metacognitive judgments on implicit information seems well founded, it is argued that his rejection of the direct access view is premature. There may be a state-a true noetic state-in which people actually know the answer before they are able to express it. A case is made for further consideration of the scientific merits of the direct-access view of the noetic feelings people experience in imminent tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states.

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The cue-familiarity heuristic in metacognition.

Cited by 243 publications

References 42 publications

Negative affect does not impact semantic retrieval failure monitoring.

Negative affect does not impact semantic retrieval failure monitoring.

Effects of target set sizeon feelings of knowing and cued recall: Implications for the cue effectiveness andpartial-retrieval hypotheses

Feelings and Judgments of Knowing: Is There a Special Noetic State?

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