The December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami as Inferred from Post-Tsunami Field Surveys and Spectral Analysis

Muhari, Abdul; Heidarzadeh, Mohammad; Susmoro, Harjo; Nugroho, Haris Djoko; Kriswati, Estu; Supartoyo,; Wijanarto, Antonius B.; Imamura, Fumihiko; Arikawa, Taro

doi:10.1007/s00024-019-02358-2

Cited by 88 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…We continue the simulation for 5 min to anticipate the occurrence of some prolonged landslide‐water interactions. The final thickness distribution generally agrees with the estimated deposits from bathymetric surveys conducted on 25 to 30 December 2019 (Muhari et al, 2019), where an ~50 m thick deposit was observed at about 1‐km distance to the south of the Anak Krakatau.…”

Section: Simulation Of Tsunami Generation and Propagationsupporting

confidence: 85%

Simulation of the 2018 Tsunami Due to the Flank Failure of Anak Krakatau Volcano and Implication for Future Observing Systems

Mulia

Watada

et al. 2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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Motivated by the unwarned tsunami disaster caused by the flank collapse of the Anak Krakatau volcano on 22 December 2018, we used a landslide tsunami model to explore potential tsunami observing and warning systems for the region. With the estimated volume of 0.24 km3 and the relatively short duration (~3 to 5 min), the landslide of the volcanic edifice in the southwest sector triggered a tsunami of higher than 40 m in the vicinity. The tsunami, however, attenuated rapidly as it propagated away from the generation area, resulting in lower than 2 m wave heights at tide gauges around the Sunda Strait. Using the tsunami model, we demonstrated the capability of a ship height positioning method to detect the tsunami of amplitude ~20 cm associated with the event. Furthermore, assimilating the tsunami current velocity observed by high‐frequency oceanographic radars can produce accurate forecasts of coastal tsunami heights.

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Section: Simulation Of Tsunami Generation and Propagationsupporting

confidence: 85%

Simulation of the 2018 Tsunami Due to the Flank Failure of Anak Krakatau Volcano and Implication for Future Observing Systems

Mulia

Watada

et al. 2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Eyewitnesses said that these boulders were in new positions after the tsunami. In addition, from the physical criteria given by Morton et al (2007) and Paris et al (2010), it was most likely that the boulders were moved by the tsunami. One of the criteria by Morton et al (2007) that we found in these sites is a relatively thin (average < 25 cm) bed composed of normally graded sand consisting of a single structureless bed or a bed with only a few thin layers.…”

Section: Boulder Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sediment thickness around the boulders was very thin. Paris et al (2010) reported regarding boulder and fine-sediment transport and deposition by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami that most of the sediments deposited on land, from fine sands to coral boul-ders, came from offshore locations, with very high values of shear velocity (> 30 cm s −1 ). The boulders we found came from nearshore locations, and most of the boulders were submerged.…”

Section: Boulder Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Run-up, inundation, and sediment characteristics of the 22 December 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami, Indonesia

Widiyanto

Hsiao

Chen

et al. 2020

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. A tsunami caused by a flank collapse of the southwest part of the Anak Krakatau volcano occurred on 22 December 2018. The tsunami affected the coastal areas located at the edge of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. To gain an understanding of the tsunami event, field surveys were conducted a month after the incident. The surveys included measurements of run-up height, inundation distance, tsunami direction, and sediment characteristics at 20 selected sites. The survey results revealed that the run-up height reached 9.2 m in Tanjungjaya and an inundation distance of 286.8 m was found at Cagar Alam, part of Ujung Kulon National Park. The tsunami propagated radially from Anak Krakatau and reached the coastal zone with a direction between 25 and 350∘ from the north. Sediment samples were collected at 27 points in tsunami deposits with a sediment thickness of 1.5–12.7 cm. The average distance from the coast of the area with significant sediment deposits and the deposit limit are 45 % and 73 % of the inundation distance, respectively. Sand sheets were sporadic, highly variable, and highly influenced by topography. Grain sizes in the deposit area were finer than those at their sources. The sizes ranged from fine sand to boulders, with medium sand and coarse sand being dominant. All sediment samples had a well-sorted distribution. An assessment of the boulder movements indicates that the tsunami run-up had minimum velocities of 4.0–4.5 m s−1.

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“…The eruption of the Anak Krakatau Volcano (AKV) ( Fig. 1a) on 22 December 2018 resulted in a deadly tsunami along the coast of Sunda Strait, Indonesia (Muhari et al, 2019;Putra et al, 2020). Approximately 228 m of the top part of the AKV slid into the sea as a result of the eruption (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Survey of Tsunami Heights and Runups Following the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami, Indonesia

Heidarzadeh

Putra

Nugroho

et al. 2020

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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The 22 December 2018 Anak Karakatau tsunami in Indonesia was a rare event in that few instrumental records existed of tsunamis generated by volcanic sources before this event. The tsunami, which left a death toll of 437, is of global importance as it provides opportunities to develop knowledge on generation, propagation and coastal effects of volcanic tsunamis. Here, we report results of field surveys along the coast of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia to study tsunami wave heights and coastal damage. We surveyed 29 locations and measured ranges of tsunami runup from 0.9 to 5.2 m, tsunami heights from 1.4 to 6.3 m, flow depths from 0.2 m to 3.0 m and inundation distances from 18 to 212 m. The largest tsunami heights and concentration of damage and fatalities occurred on the western shore of Java from Tanjung Lesung to Sumur. The largest cluster of fatalities occurred at Tanjung Lesung, where more than 50 people died while attending an outdoor music being held at the shoreline. The tsunami runup and tsunami height in Tanjung Lesung were 4.0 and 2.9–3.8 m, respectively. We believe this tragedy could have been avoided if the event organizers were more aware of the hazard posed by the Anak Krakatau volcano, as it had been actively erupting for several months prior to the tsunami, and simply moved the concert stage 100 m inland. Many of the locations surveyed demonstrated a similar pattern where the majority of casualties and destruction occurred within 100 m of the coast; in several locations, lives were saved where buildings were located at least this distance inland. The significant damage and numerous deaths which occurred in Sumur, despite the moderate tsunami height of 2.3–2.5 m, can be attributed to the extremely low-lying coastal land there. Flow depth in Sumur was 0.9–2.0 m. During our field surveys, nearly one year after the event, we noted that some of the damaged buildings were being rebuilt in the same locations just 10–30 m from the shoreline. We question this practice since the new buildings could be at the same tsunami risk as those damaged in the 2018 event.

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The December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami as Inferred from Post-Tsunami Field Surveys and Spectral Analysis

Cited by 88 publications

References 21 publications

Simulation of the 2018 Tsunami Due to the Flank Failure of Anak Krakatau Volcano and Implication for Future Observing Systems

Simulation of the 2018 Tsunami Due to the Flank Failure of Anak Krakatau Volcano and Implication for Future Observing Systems

Run-up, inundation, and sediment characteristics of the 22 December 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami, Indonesia

Field Survey of Tsunami Heights and Runups Following the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami, Indonesia

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