The Decision to Shoot Black Suspects in Brazil: The Police Officer’s Dilemma

Lima, Marcus Eugênio Oliveira; Araujo, Camilla Lima de; Poderoso, Emília Silva

doi:10.1007/s12552-018-9225-5

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In the absence of immediate personal threat and when faced with either high levels of uncertainty, situations not familiar to the responder, or where a fear of personally adverse outcomes are present, inexperienced personnel and those seeking confirmation of their decision theories are likely to be risk adverse, default to following standardised protocols and may ignore more dynamic and potentially beneficial processes (Reay et al 2018;Ågård et al 2012;Anderson et al 2018;Bakken and Gilljam 2003;Burrell et al 2013;Knighton 2004;Larsen 2001;O'Hara et al 2015;Oosterwold et al 2018;Vickers and Lewinski 2012). In the presence of perceived immediate personal physical threat, actions are more likely to be self-preservative even when further analysis may have resulted in either the perceived threat being dismissed, or more appropriate courses of action being identified (Correll et al 2007;Gamble et al 2018;Harman et al 2019;Lima and de Araujo 2018;Nieuwenhuys et al 2015). In such instances, there was some evidence to suggest there is little difference between inexperienced and experienced personnel in the time taken to complete the action, however, experienced personnel took less time to initiate that course of action compared to inexperienced personnel (Vickers and Lewinski 2012).…”

Section: Enquiry Line Five: Actionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threat assessment, sense making, and critical decision-making in police, military, ambulance, and fire services

Penney

Launder²,

Cuthbertson

et al. 2022

Cogn Tech Work

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Military and emergency response remain inherently dangerous occupations that require the ability to accurately assess threats and make critical decisions under significant time pressures. The cognitive processes associated with these abilities are complex and have been the subject of several significant, albeit service specific studies. Here, we present an attempt at finding the commonalities in threat assessment, sense making, and critical decision-making for emergency response across police, military, ambulance, and fire services. Relevant research is identified and critically appraised through a systematic literature review of English-language studies published from January 2000 through July 2020 on threat assessment and critical decision-making theory in dynamic emergency service and military environments. A total of 10,084 titles and abstracts were reviewed, with 94 identified as suitable for inclusion in the study. We then present our findings focused on six lines of enquiry: Bibliometrics, Language, Situation Awareness, Critical Decision Making, Actions, and Evaluation. We then thematically analyse these findings to reveal the commonalities between the four services. Despite existing single or dual service studies in the field, this research is significant in that it is the first examine decision making and threat assessment theory across all four contexts of military, police, fire and ambulance services, but it is also the first to assess the state of knowledge and explore the extent that commonality exists and models or practices can be applied across each discipline. The results demonstrate all military and emergency services personnel apply both intuitive and formal decision-making processes, depending on multiple situational and individual factors. Institutional restriction of decision-making to a single process at the expense of the consideration of others, or the inappropriate training and application of otherwise appropriate decision-making processes in certain circumstances is likely to increase the potential for adverse outcomes, or at the very least restrict peak performance being achieved. The applications of the findings of the study not only extend to facilitating improved practice in each of the individual services examined, but provide a basis to assist future research, and contribute to the literature exploring threat assessment and decision making in dynamic contexts.

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Section: Enquiry Line Five: Actionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threat assessment, sense making, and critical decision-making in police, military, ambulance, and fire services

Penney

Launder²,

Cuthbertson

et al. 2022

Cogn Tech Work

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show abstract

“…In a seminal study by Correll and colleagues (2007), police officers displayed a shooter bias in reaction times, responding more slowly to White targets holding guns and more slowly to Black targets holding harmless objects. This shooter bias among police officers was of the same magnitude as the shooter bias in a comparison sample of civilians (for other studies with police officers that observed shooter biases in reaction times, see Akinola & Mendes, 2012;Lima et al, 2018;Sadler et al, 2012).…”

Section: Shooter Biases Among Police Versus Civiliansmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…The relatively low participation of police officers in studies on the shooter bias is particularly striking given increased public and scientific interest in racial bias among police. Second, almost all of the reviewed studies with police participants have been conducted in the US and to our knowledge there is only one study from a different societal context than the US, conducted with Brazilian military police officers (Lima et al, 2018).…”

Section: Shooter Biases Among Police Versus Civiliansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shooter biases and stereotypes among police and civilians

et al. 2023

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“…Dalila França (2017) concluiu em estudo que crianças de 3 anos já sabem sobre sua cor de pele e a forma como são tratadas. A psicologia social se ocupa em entender o racismo enquanto crenças pautadas em preconceitos e estereótipos que engendram comportamentos e pensamentos de infra-humanização, animalização e ódio a pessoas negras pela cor de sua pele (Lima, 2019, Lima, Poderoso, & Araujo, 2018Batista et al, 2014).…”

Section: Infância Pobreza E Negritude No Brasilunclassified

Culturas Infantis de Terreiro: agenciando memórias, histórias e narrativas

Alves¹,

Medeiros²

2023

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práticas católicas e, ao mesmo tempo, permeada por benzeduras, chás e proteções; envoltos em patuás, simpatias e promessas para curas diversas. Éramos uma família de gente negra trabalhadora do campo e que muitas vezes teve que migrar de granja em granja para encontrar postos de trabalho. Fui uma criança que cumpriu preceitos de batismo, crisma e primeira comunhão na religião católica.Casei-me aos 17 anos, meu marido, um exímio tratador de cavalos, viajava para trabalhar e eu cuidava dos meus irmãos. Em seguida engravidei e tive meus dois filhos mais velhos. Entre idas e vindas, viemos parar em Pelotas.

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The Decision to Shoot Black Suspects in Brazil: The Police Officer’s Dilemma

Cited by 8 publications

References 41 publications

Threat assessment, sense making, and critical decision-making in police, military, ambulance, and fire services

Threat assessment, sense making, and critical decision-making in police, military, ambulance, and fire services

Shooter biases and stereotypes among police and civilians

Culturas Infantis de Terreiro: agenciando memórias, histórias e narrativas

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