The degradation rate of thiamethoxam in European field studies

Hilton, Martin J; Jarvis, T.; Ricketts, Dean

doi:10.1002/ps.4024

Cited by 59 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Once applied and within soil, the time required to dissipate 50% of the applied AI (DT 50 ) is highly variable within and between neonicotinoid compounds. The DT 50 of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and CLO, the three compounds used in NSTs [3], are 40 [24] to 270 [25], 7.1–92.3 [26], and 277–1386 days [27] respectively under field conditions. There is no published work explaining the high variability in published DT 50 values [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Translocation of the neonicotinoid seed treatment clothianidin in maize

Alford

Krupke

2017

PLoS ONE

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Neonicotinoid seed treatments, typically clothianidin or thiamethoxam, are routinely applied to >80% of maize (corn) seed grown in North America where they are marketed as a targeted pesticide delivery system. Despite this widespread use, the amount of compound translocated into plant tissue from the initial seed treatment to provide protection has not been reported. Our two year field study compared concentrations of clothianidin seed treatments in maize to that of maize without neonicotinoid seed treatments and found neonicotinoids present in root tissues up to 34 days post planting. Plant-bound clothianidin concentrations followed an exponential decay pattern with initially high values followed by a rapid decrease within the first ~20 days post planting. A maximum of 1.34% of the initial seed treatment was successfully recovered from plant tissues in both study years and a maximum of 0.26% was recovered from root tissue. Our findings show neonicotinoid seed treatments may provide protection from some early season secondary maize pests. However, the proportion of the neonicotinoid seed treatment clothianidin translocated into plant tissues throughout the growing season is low overall and this observation may provide a mechanism to explain reports of inconsistent efficacy of this pest management approach and increasing detections of environmental neonicotinoids.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Translocation of the neonicotinoid seed treatment clothianidin in maize

Alford

Krupke

2017

PLoS ONE

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“…Field trials performed in Hilton et al . demonstrated a lower geometric mean DT 50 value for seed‐treatment trials versus spray applied trials (25.2 versus 32.5 days), though the effect was not statistically significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The route and rate of thiamethoxam soil degradation in laboratory and outdoor incubated tests, and field studies following seed treatments or spray application

Hilton¹,

Emburey

Edwards

et al. 2018

Pest Management Science

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Soil DT values decreased with increasingly realistic tests (laboratory OECD307 to soil cores to soil cores with a light/dark cycle to field trials). The majority of the differences were associated with the soil treatment in OECD307 studies which destroys soil structure and retards the degradation rate; and from the impact on soil pore water movement in light/dark conditions. Degradation rates in the field were comparable between spray application and seed treatments. Maximum clothianidin concentrations were four-fold lower for seed treatments than for spray application in field studies. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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“…The half-life expectancy (t ½ or dissipation time 50% [DT50]) for thiamethoxam and clothianidin has been estimated to range from 7 to 353 d and from 148 to 6931 d, respectively (Wood and Goulson 2017), suggesting a potential for accumulation within the soil, assuming continuous input. However, Hilton et al (2015) reported thiamethoxam DT50s of 7.1 to 92.3 d, with concentrations Published 2019 SETAC wileyonlinelibrary.com/ETC declining to <10% of the initial concentration within 1 yr under field conditions. Given our experimental conditions, the calculated t ½ for thiamethoxam increased with increasing concentration, ranging from 126 d at 1 mg/kg dry soil to 347 d at higher concentrations of 100 mg/kg dry soil; this corresponds with the half-lives of 112 and 134 d reported by de Lima e Silva et al (2018) for 1.1 mg/kg dry soil of thiamethoxam as a pure chemical, and the commercial formulation, Actara, respectively, under similar experimental conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Thiamethoxam and Clothianidin Commercial Formulations to Soil Invertebrates in a Natural Soil

Ritchie

Scroggins

Princz

2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The use of neonicotinoids in agriculture is a critical environmental protection issue. Although there has been considerable research on pollinator exposure and aquatic toxicological effects, few studies have investigated the chronic impacts on soil‐dwelling species. Given the application of neonicotinoids into soil systems, there is the potential for risk to soil invertebrates. The toxicity of 2 commercial formulations containing the active ingredients (a.i.) thiamethoxam (Actara® 240SC) or clothianidin (Titan™) was investigated using 3 soil invertebrate species: Oppia nitens, Eisenia andrei, and Folsomia candida. No adverse effects were observed for O. nitens at the highest tested concentrations (≥92 mg a.i./kg dry soil) after a 28‐d exposure. Exposure to clothianidin resulted in a 28‐d median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.069 (95% confidence limits: 0.039–0.12) mg/kg dry soil for F. candida, and a 56‐d IC50 of 0.26 (0.22–3.2) mg a.i./kg dry soil for E. andrei. Exposure to thiamethoxam was less toxic, with IC50s of 0.36 (0.19–0.66) and 3.0 (2.2–4.0) mg a.i./kg dry soil for F. candida and E. andrei reproduction, respectively. The observed toxicity for F. candida adult survival and reproduction and for E. andrei reproduction occurred at environmentally relevant concentrations. However, because clothianidin is a degradation product of thiamethoxam, and detection of clothianidin rose to levels of concern in the thiamethoxam‐amended soils over time, the observed toxicity may be partly attributed to the presence of clothianidin. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2111–2120. © 2019 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

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The degradation rate of thiamethoxam in European field studies

Cited by 59 publications

References 14 publications

Translocation of the neonicotinoid seed treatment clothianidin in maize

Translocation of the neonicotinoid seed treatment clothianidin in maize

The route and rate of thiamethoxam soil degradation in laboratory and outdoor incubated tests, and field studies following seed treatments or spray application

Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Thiamethoxam and Clothianidin Commercial Formulations to Soil Invertebrates in a Natural Soil

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