The detection of blood group phenotypes using paper diagnostics

Abstract

Paper can be used as an alternative blood grouping diagnostic tool for selected blood group phenotypes.

Quantitative blood group typing using surface plasmon resonance

“…SPR biodiagnostics are also reliant on expensive equipment and consumables, such as the sensor chip, and are confined to a laboratory environment. Emerging technologies, such as the paper diagnostics for blood typing, are less reliant on equipment and trained personnel (Khan et al, 2010;Li et al, 2012;Then et al, 2015). The one key advantage of SPR analysis is the ability to quantitatively detect blood groups, which could be especially useful when detecting weaker variants.…”

Effect of cationic polyelectrolytes on the performance of paper diagnostics for blood typing

“…A new generation of low cost and easy to use paper diagnostics has recently been developed for blood typing [8][9][10][11][12][13]. The concept relies on specific antibody-antigen interactions to selectively agglutinate red blood cells (RBC) on paper, to separate the agglutinated RBC (positive) from the non-agglutinated RBC (negative), to directly communicate results; the paper test can also be retained as a document.…”

“…Filter paper is not only too expensive but in most cases shows poor performance especially for blood typing [10]. Tissue and light weight paper substrates of controlled structures and porosity have been shown to be more effective [8][9][10][11]. However, two types of polymeric additives are required to develop colloids retention and strength of these lightweight non-woven fibrous composites typically used wet: retention aids and wet strength agents.…”

“…Of particular concerns are the false positive, in which red blood cells are indiscriminately retained on paper, or false negative, for which positive and normally retainable cells are eluded [2]. Paper diagnostics for blood typing rely on two mechanisms: elution/chromatography in the plane of paper and filtration through paper [11].…”

“…We also reported that potentiators often used in the formulation of antibody solution could contribute to false positive [11]. Potentiators such as dextran and polysaccharides are sometimes added to the formulation of the commercial antibodies to enhance the RBC coagulation when using antibodies with low avidity resulting in weak blood group reactions [15].…”