The detrimental effects of water on electronic devices

Baylakoğlu, Ilknur; Fortier, Aleksandra; Kyeong, San; Ambat, Rajan; Conseil-Gudla, Hélène; Azarian, Michael H.; Pecht, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.prime.2021.100016

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…On the other hand, although conformal coating and potting moderately protect the conductors from water, they cannot completely prevent water ingress; moreover, they require regular maintenance to ensure high performance and reliable device operation. 20 Therefore, water resistance must be elucidated from the viewpoint of material design. In this regard, waterresistant TEGs offer significant promise for harvesting energy in wet or underwater environments, thus helping to maintain long-term viable power sources for underwater electronics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On one hand, traditional water‐resistance methods could hinder device operation, hampering the effective integration of TEGs into wearable devices. On the other hand, although conformal coating and potting moderately protect the conductors from water, they cannot completely prevent water ingress; moreover, they require regular maintenance to ensure high performance and reliable device operation 20 . Therefore, water resistance must be elucidated from the viewpoint of material design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water‐resistant organic thermoelectric generator with >10 μW output

et al. 2022

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Flexible p–n thermoelectric generator (TEG) technology has rapidly advanced with power enhancement and size reduction. To achieve a stable power supply and highly efficient energy conversion, absolute chemical stability of n‐type materials is essential to ensuring large temperature differences between device terminals and ambient stability. With the aim of improving the long‐term stability of the n‐type operation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in air and water, this study uses cationic surfactants, such as octylene‐1,8‐bis(dimethyldodecylammonium bromide) (12–8–12), a gemini surfactant, to stabilize the nanotubes in a coating, which retains the n‐doped state for more than 28 days after exposure to air and water in experiments. TEGs with 10 p–n units of 12–8–12/CNT (n‐type) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate/CNT (p‐type) layers are manufactured, and their water stability is evaluated. The initial maximum output of 16.1 µW (75 K temperature difference) is retained after water immersion for 40 days without using a sealant to prevent TEG module degradation. The excellent stability of these CNT‐based TEGs makes them suitable for underwater applications, such as battery‐free health monitoring and information gathering systems, and facilitates the development of soft electronics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water‐resistant organic thermoelectric generator with >10 μW output

et al. 2022

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“…[13][14][15] The rigid and bulky electronic materials cause poor mechanical compliance and discomfort limiting device performances. [16][17][18] Moreover, solid-based electronic materials are prone to external stimuli including moisture, 19 and mechanical damages, 20 causing device malfunction and shortening of the lifespan. 21 To overcome the challenges present in solid-based electronics, various attempts have been made to match the mechanical disparity between solids and tissues.…”

Section: Jungmok Seomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water can result in detrimental damages to soft electronic devices in a form of short-circuiting, corrosion, and degradation, which significantly reduce their performance and reliability. 19,82 Therefore, the importance of encapsulation technology has been highlighted alongside state-of-the-art electronics to prevent water permeation during operation. Mechanical sealing and conformal coatings currently constitute the most common encapsulation methods used to protect electronic devices against water damage.…”

Section: Liquid-infused Surfaces For Encapsulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid-based electronic materials for bioelectronics: current trends and challenges

Park,

et al. 2024

Ind. Chem. Mater.

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“…Water, in its various forms, can significantly reduce the performance and reliability of semiconductors and electronics, as the presence of water can lead to short-circuiting, corrosion, and degradation ( 1 ). Therefore, the prevention of water permeation at the material and device levels is essential for maintaining the operational stability of many state-of-the-art electronic, photonic, and energy systems.…”

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confidence: 99%

Flexible fluid-based encapsulation platform for water-sensitive materials

Lemaire

Molinari

et al. 2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The next-generation semiconductors and devices, such as halide perovskites and flexible electronics, are extremely sensitive to water, thus demanding highly effective protection that not only seals out water in all forms (vapor, droplet, and ice), but simultaneously provides mechanical flexibility, durability, transparency, and self-cleaning. Although various solid-state encapsulation methods have been developed, no strategy is available that can fully meet all the above requirements. Here, we report a bioinspired liquid-based encapsulation strategy that offers protection from water without sacrificing the operational properties of the encapsulated materials. Using halide perovskite as a model system, we show that damage to the perovskite from exposure to water is drastically reduced when it is coated by a polymer matrix with infused hydrophobic oil. With a combination of experimental and simulation studies, we elucidated the fundamental transport mechanisms of ultralow water transmission rate that stem from the ability of the infused liquid to fill-in and reduce defects in the coating layer, thus eliminating the low-energy diffusion pathways, and to cause water molecules to diffuse as clusters, which act together as an excellent water permeation barrier. Importantly, the presence of the liquid, as the central component in this encapsulation method provides a unique possibility of reversing the water transport direction; therefore, the lifetime of enclosed water-sensitive materials could be significantly extended via replenishing the hydrophobic oils regularly. We show that the liquid encapsulation platform presented here has high potential in providing not only water protection of the functional device but also flexibility, optical transparency, and self-healing of the coating layer, which are critical for a variety of applications, such as in perovskite solar cells and bioelectronics.

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The detrimental effects of water on electronic devices

Cited by 21 publications

References 61 publications

Water‐resistant organic thermoelectric generator with >10 μW output

Water‐resistant organic thermoelectric generator with >10 μW output

Liquid-based electronic materials for bioelectronics: current trends and challenges

Flexible fluid-based encapsulation platform for water-sensitive materials

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