The Difference of Sodium Intake, Physical Activities and Psychological Problems of Patients Suffering from Hypertension in Rural and Urban Areas

Abstract

Introduction: The patients suffering from hypertension require treatment to prevent the complications by performing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological hypertension management. This research aims at revealing the difference of sodium intake, physical activities, and psychological problems in patients suffering from hypertension in rural and urban areas. Methods: This descriptive-quantitative research employs a cross sectional design. The research was conducted at Gondokusuman Community Health Center 1 as the representation from the urban areas and Cangkringan Community Health Center as the representation from the rural areas. There were 81 patients from rural areas and 74 from urban areas. Data were collected using a consecutive sampling technique with Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale 42 (DASS 42). The data analysis was conducted using both chi-square test and independent t-test. Results: The result of independent t-test for sodium intake was at p = 0.669 (p > 0.005). The result of analysis using chi-square test for physical activity was at p = 0.000 (p < 0.05). The result of analysis using chi-square test for depression level is at p = 0.964 (p > 0.05), anxiety level at p = 0.005 (p < 0.05) and stress level at p = 0.846 (p > 0.05). Conclusions: There are some differences in physical activities and anxiety levels in patients suffering from hypertension in rural and urban areas.

Gender Differences in Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hypertension among Adult Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia

“…The Riskesdas report in 2013 showed that the prevalence of self-reported hypertension among adults in Yogyakarta was 25.7% [ 5 ]. Previous studies in Yogyakarta province revealed that risk factors for hypertension were obesity, intake of fruits and vegetables [ 10 ], physical activity and anxiety levels [ 11 ]. Several studies showed that factors associated with hypertension among the Indonesian adult population were age [ 12 , 13 ], low education, overweight or obesity and health care utilization in the last month [ 14 ].…”

Self-Care Management for Hypertension in Southeast Asia: A Scoping Review

“…For study settings, in quantitative and mixed-method studies, 10 studies took place nationally, 24 , 41 , 47–51 , 53 , 63 , 64 19 in the urban areas, 20 , 21 , 23 , 31–33 , 36–38 , 40 , 42 , 44–46 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 58 , 76 16 in rural areas, 22 , 25–29 , 34 , 39 , 43 , 56 , 57 , 59–62 , 75 and two studies in multiple settings. 30 , 35 For quantitative studies, four of them were conducted in urban settings, 66 , 67 , 70 , 71 five were in the rural area 65 , 69 , 72–74 and one study could not be specified. 68 Overall, thirteen 22 , 26–29 , 32 , 42 , 45 , 57–60 , 64 studies have the mean age of older people as the participants (60 years old and above), whereas the rest of the studies were adults 18 years and older.…”

“…In the quantitative and mixed-method studies, body weight management (29 studies 20 , 24 , 25 , 29 , 30 , 33 , 36 , 39–50 , 52 , 53 , 56–62 , 64 ) and physical exercise (22 studies 21 , 22 , 24 , 30–33 , 35 , 38 , 40–43 , 45 , 47 , 52 , 53 , 56 , 57 , 60 , 61 , 75 ) were the most reported, whereas in the qualitative studies, medication adherence and diet intake was the most reported self-care practice. In addition, a few studies described alternative self-care management methods such as stress-relieving methods (6 studies 35 , 40 , 60 , 66 , 68 , 75 ), sleep and rest (2 studies 68 , 74 ), and spiritual fulfilment was described in one study.…”

“…For study settings, in quantitative and mixed-method studies, 10 studies took place nationally, 24,41,[47][48][49][50][51]53,63,64 19 in the urban areas, 20,21,23,[31][32][33][36][37][38]40,42,[44][45][46]52,54,55,58,76 16 in rural areas, 22,[25][26][27][28][29]34,39,43,56,57,[59][60][61][62]75 and two studies in multiple settings. 30,35 For quantitative studies, four of them were conducted in urban settings, 66,67,70,71…”

Mean Level of Depression Among The Elderly Based on Each Indicator of Geriatric Depression Scale ( Gds ) Instrument in Selected Social Institution Yogyakarta Indonesia

“…Changes in the body system in the elderly is due to the aging process resulting to decreased ability of the elders for physical activity and changes in their physical appearance affect the elder's social and economic life (Pangastuti et al, 2019). This situation is a stressor that can lead to negative feelings for the elderly that is having the feeling of helplessness, uselessness, frustration, despair, sadness and feelings of isolation, that often cause and lead to their minimal interactions with others on total withdrawal from others.…”