The Diffusion Products of Bacterial Cells as Influenced by the Presence of Various Electrolytes

Shaughnessy, Howard J.; Winslow, C.‐E. A.

doi:10.1128/jb.14.2.69-99.1927

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…They explain this phenomenon in the case of calcium as due to interference by the calcium with the diffusion from the cell of neutralizing acidic substances (decreased permeability effect). Shaughnessy and Winslow (1927) confirmed this theory by direct chemical tests.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

The Influence Upon Bacterial Viability of Various Anions in Combination With Sodium

Fabian¹,

Winslow²

1929

J Bacteriol

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

The Influence Upon Bacterial Viability of Various Anions in Combination With Sodium

Fabian¹,

Winslow²

1929

J Bacteriol

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“…The organisms to be used in the experiments were grown in nutrient broth for 14-18 hours before use at a temperature of 25°C. under which conditions no spores were found (Shaughnessy and Winslow 1927). The organisms were stained occasionally to make sure that no spores were present.…”

Section: Test Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This phenomenon has, of course, been noted by many observers. The work of Winslow and Shaughnessy (1927) Viable counts were made of each of these tubes to determine exactly what happened. After six hours the two suspensions were centrifuged, the bacteria removed and the supernatant fluid was decanted and placed in the refrigerator over night.…”

Section: Distilled Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With Bacillus cereus, the situation is quite different. This organism dies out very rapidly in distilled water (Shaughnessy and Winslow, 1927;Winslow and Brooke, 1927;Tauchert, 1931;Ingram, 1939a andb, 1940). Here, a favorable effect would be manifested, not by an increase in numbers but by a lesser rate of decrease than that apparent in distilled water alone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was, interpreted as the result of increased permeability. Shaughnessy and Winslow (1927) made a study of diffusion of various substances from the interior of the bacterial cell into the surrounding menstruum, using E. coli and B. cereusas test organisms. The menstruum was distilled water, with and without the addition of various concentrations of NaCl and CaC12 E. coli was viable in such media, while nearly all the B. cereus cells were dead.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of the Sodium Ion on the Viability of Washed Cells of Bacillus cereus

Spangler¹,

Winslow²

1943

J Bacteriol

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It has been shown by various investigators (see Falk, 1923 andWinslow, 1934 for general reviews of the subject) that cations exercise a peculiar and characteristic influence upon the viability of bacteria. The result of these studies has been to suggest that all cations in low concentration tend to stimulate growth and development while all cations in higher concentration are inhibitory and ultimately toxic. The favorable effect of low concentrations appears to be associated with increased diffusion through the cell wall, the unfavorable effect with decreased diffusion. Individual cations vary widely in their quantitative effect but, in general, the ratio between the amount of two cations necessary to produce a given effect (say 50 per cent stimulation) is the same as that necessary to produce any other given effect (say complete inhibition). If the "specific potency" as this ratio is called by Winslow, for Na and K be taken as 1 that for Hg is 100,000.Most of the work of this kind has been done with Escherichia coli and related gram-negative bacteria, and was concerned with the influence of cations upon 373 on August 1, 2020 by guest

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The Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Viability and Growth of Bacteria Damaged by Phenols

Jacobs

Harris

1960

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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SUMMARY The effects of various environmental conditions on the viability and growth of normal Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cells, and of cells of these species which had been damaged by exposure to phenol, o‐cresol and p‐chloro‐m‐cresol, have been examined. With normal cells none of the conditions tried had any effect on the initial counts, but sometimes, more often with Staph. aureus, the bulk of growth eventually obtained in broth media was larger, especially when the medium had been made with pyridine extracted peptone, or when it had been treated with 0·1% of Norit charcoal or 0·02% of FeCl3. In contrast, damaged cells of both species were very sensitive to their environment. At room temperature, 0·1% of Norit added to tap water adsorbed more than 80% of the cells and the initial count was increased. Nevertheless the cells died thereafter. Damaged cells inoculated into broth also died, but when Norit was present both the rate and the extent of death were markedly reduced, though few cells were adsorbed. The addition of FeCl3 (0·02 or 0·03%) had no effect. At 37° damaged cells died faster than at room temperature, but the protective effect of Norit was still evident. In nephelometric studies of cultures growing in Norit treated broth the times to turbidity were shorter than those of control cultures in untreated broth, but broth treated with FeCl3 often gave longer times than the controls. In a comparison of broths prepared with peptone and/or Lab‐Lemco which had been extracted with pyridine to remove suspected toxic substances, the initial counts of treated cells were highest when only the peptone had been extracted. With media containing extracted Lab‐Lemco, or with both ingredients extracted, the counts were smaller but were still generally higher than in normal broth. The results of nephelometric studies were consonant with these findings: broths prepared with extracted ingredients generally gave shorter turbidity times than normal broth, especially with E. coli. The addition to broth of cations, especially Mg2+ (10–3 M), favoured the survival of damaged E. coli but did not influence that of Staph. aureus. But with both species, five times that concentration of Mg2+ was as effective as 0·1% of Norit, which was shown to adsorb lead, tin, copper, zinc, silver and cobalt from broth. Temperatures above 37° were unfavourable to the survival of damaged cells of both species, 44° often being completely inhibitory for Staph. aureus, but this effect was not due to traces of phenol in the inoculum. At 25° damaged E. coli recovered less well than at 30° and 37°, but damaged Staph. aureus did better at 25° and 30° than at 37°.

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The Diffusion Products of Bacterial Cells as Influenced by the Presence of Various Electrolytes

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

The Influence Upon Bacterial Viability of Various Anions in Combination With Sodium

The Influence Upon Bacterial Viability of Various Anions in Combination With Sodium

The Influence of the Sodium Ion on the Viability of Washed Cells of Bacillus cereus

The Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Viability and Growth of Bacteria Damaged by Phenols

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