The distribution of toluene in intercalation complexes of a vermiculite and alkyl trimethylammonium bromides

Williams-Daryn, S.; Thomas, Robert K.; Castro, Miguel; Becerro, Ana Isabel

doi:10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00111-5

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 18 publications

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“…Thus, organic VMT (OVMT) can be prepared by ion exchange with organic cations, such as phosphonium cations and alkyl ammonum ions. [18][19][20][21] Moreover, the interlayer spacing of VMT can be increased by quaternary ammonum salt that leads to improvements of mechanical properties and barrier properties of polyolefin/VMT composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effect of Organic Vermiculite on the Flame Retardancy and Thermal Stability of Intumescent Polypropylene Composites

Chen

Wang

Kang

et al. 2013

Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B

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Organic vermiculite (OVMT) prepared from vermiculite (VMT), with high aspect ratio and orderly arranged platelets intercalated by octadecyl trimethyl ammonum bromide (OTAB), was used as a synergistic agent on the flame retardancy of a polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant (PP/IFR) system. The flammability and thermal stability of PP/IFR/OVMT composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 testing, cone calorimetry tests, and thermogravometric analysis. The results of LOI and UL-94 testing showed that low loading of OVMT improved the flame retardancy and retarded dripping for PP/IFR composites. OVMT, with 1% loading, increased the char residue of PP/IFR composites and could act as an effective additive for improvement in flame retardancy, which was confirmed by the cone data. The char layer morphological structures observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that OVMT with 1% loading can promote formation of a continuous and compact intumescent char layer. Raman spectroscopy results indicated that the OVMT or its pyrolytic products led to a decrease in size of the carbonaceous micro-domain during combustion, resulting in formation of more compact charred layers. Thus, OVMT with 1% loading showed a synergistic effect with IFR in the combustion of the PP/IFR composites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%