The DNA Sequence of the Simian Varicella Virus Genome

Gray, Wayne L.; Starnes, Ben; White, Michael; Mahalingam, Ravi

doi:10.1006/viro.2001.0912

Cited by 89 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Another 15 to 20 residues not present in the simian virus US3 polypeptide follow a 20-to 25-residue block of acidic residues located in the N-terminal region of the HSV US3 polypeptides. In this respect, the simian herpesvirus US3 polypeptides are more similar to those of varicella-zoster virus rather than to those of HSV (5,15). As in other primate alphaherpesviruses, US4 to US8 all encode glycoproteins.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

Sequence and Genetic Arrangement of the U_SRegion of the Monkey B Virus (Cercopithecine Herpesvirus 1) Genome and Comparison with the U_SRegions of Other Primate Herpesviruses

Ohsawa

Black

Sato

et al. 2002

J Virol

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The sequence of the unique short (U S ) region of monkey B virus (BV) was determined. The 13 genes identified are arranged in the same order and orientation as in herpes simplex virus (HSV). These results demonstrate that the BV U S region is entirely colinear with that of HSV type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and simian agent 8 virus.Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (monkey B virus [BV]) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily indigenous in Asiatic macaque monkeys. The natural history of BV in macaques is similar to that of the human herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) in humans, of simian agent 8 virus (SA8) in green monkeys, and of Herpesvirus papio 2 (HVP-2) in baboons (11,12,38). When transmitted to nonmacaque primates, BV produces severe infections which usually involve the central nervous system and are frequently fatal (31,37,38). The molecular basis for the extreme neuropathology of BV in nonmacaque species is an intriguing question that remains unanswered.While sequences for a number of genes of BV have been reported (3,9,23,34,35,37), genomic characterization of BV has largely been limited to restriction analysis and gene mapping by hybridization with HSV gene probes (10,16,17). Such studies have suggested that, for the most part, the BV genome is colinear with that of HSV. However, it has been reported that the unique short (U S ) region of the BV genome may not be colinear with that of HSV (16). Here we present the sequence of the U S region of the BV genome and its genetic layout relative to that of HSV and SA8.The DNA sequence of the BV rhesus genotype (BVrh) strain E2490 (35) U S region was determined by a combination of cloning restriction fragments of the genome and PCR amplification of small gaps in the sequence with genomic BV DNA as a template. The BVrh U S region (GenBank accession no. AB 077432) is 14,447 nucleotides long, slightly longer than the 12,980 bp reported for HSV-1 strain 17 (26) but close to the 14,329-bp HSV-2 U S region (6). The BVrh U S sequence presented here does not include sequences aligning with the N-terminal 2 codons of the US12 open reading frame (ORF). The overall GϩC content of the BVrh U S region is 73.2%, close to the 75% GϩC estimated for the entire BV genome (19). The coding sequences in the U S region have a combined GϩC content of 74.4%, a value somewhat higher than that for the noncoding intergenic regions (68.9%). BV exhibits a strong bias toward use of codons with G or C in the third position (89.6%) and Arg and Leu codons with C in the first position (93.4%). While this GC bias is strong, it is not as extreme as in the SA8 U S region (76.8% GϩC overall, 92.9% GC in the third position, 97.2% C in the first position of the Arg and Leu codons [13]).Analysis of the BVrh U S sequence for ORFs, homology of predicted amino acid sequences with HSV polypeptides, promoter and transcriptional initiation sites, and mRNA termination sites [consensus poly(A) signals associated with mRNA termination motifs] indicates that the genetic layout of the BVrh U S regio...

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confidence: 91%

Sequence and Genetic Arrangement of the U_SRegion of the Monkey B Virus (Cercopithecine Herpesvirus 1) Genome and Comparison with the U_SRegions of Other Primate Herpesviruses

Ohsawa

Black

Sato

et al. 2002

J Virol

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“…Virus genome characterization is increasingly being utilized in the quest for taxonomical classification, discerning evolutionary and epidemiological patterns, and differentiation on the basis of pathogenesis and virulence in the field of virology (Becker et al, 1992;Gray et al, 2001;Walker et al, 2001;Costas, 2002;Shchelkunov et al, 2002). Highly conserved genome regions, characterized by their low mutation rates, have been used successfully to group viruses into various genotypes (Vanderhallen et al, 1999;Fenaux et al, 2000;Bastos et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of African swine fever in East Africa

et al. 2005

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“…The HSV UL56 gene is an accessory gene that most members of the Alphaherpesvirinae family possess homologs for (except bovine herpes virus-1 and -5) (1,17,19,22,29,34,37,46,53,(65)(66)(67)(68)(69)(70); M. Schwyzer, V. Paces, G. J. Letchworth, V. Misra, H. J. Buhk, D. E. Lowery, C. Simard, L. J. Bello, E. Thiry, and C. Vlcek, 1995, complete DNA sequence of bovine herpesvirus 1. GenBank database [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/index .html] accession number NC_001847) and has been shown to play an important role in HSV type 1 (HSV-1) pathogenicity in vivo.…”

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confidence: 99%

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 UL56 Interacts with the Ubiquitin Ligase Nedd4 and Increases Its Ubiquitination

Ushijima

Koshizuka

Goshima

et al. 2008

J Virol

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The herpes simplex virus UL56 gene is conserved among most members of the Alphaherpesvirinae family and plays a critical role in viral pathogenicity in vivo. The HSV-2 UL56 protein (UL56) is a C-terminally anchored type II membrane protein that is predicted to be inserted into the virion envelope, leaving its N-terminal domain in the tegument. UL56 interacts with KIF1A and UL11. Here we report that UL56 also interacts with the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 and increases its ubiquitination. Nedd4 was identified as a UL56-interacting protein by a yeast two-hybrid screen. UL56 bound to Nedd4 via its PY motifs. Nedd4 was phosphorylated and degraded in wild-type HSV-2-infected cells but not in cells infected with a UL56-deficient mutant. Ubiquitination assays revealed that UL56 increased ubiquitinated Nedd4, which was actively degraded in infected cells. UL56 also caused a decrease in Nedd4 protein levels and the increased ubiquitination in cotransfected cells. However, UL56 itself was not ubiquitinated, despite its interaction with Nedd4. Based on these findings, we propose that UL56 regulates Nedd4 in HSV-2-infected cells, although deletion of UL56 had no apparent effect on viral growth in vitro.Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a large, enveloped DNA virus with a genome possessing at least 74 different genes (19,46). Although approximately half of the HSV genes are not essential for replication in vitro, all of these accessory gene products are predicted to play indispensable roles in viral replication and dissemination in vivo (57).The HSV UL56 gene is an accessory gene that most members of the Alphaherpesvirinae family possess homologs for (except bovine herpes virus-1 and -5) (1,17,19,22,29,34,37,46,53,(65)(66)(67)(68)(69)(70); M. Schwyzer, V. Paces, G. J. Letchworth, V. Misra, H. J. Buhk, D. E. Lowery, C. Simard, L. J. Bello, E. Thiry, and C. Vlcek, 1995, complete DNA sequence of bovine herpesvirus 1. GenBank database [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/index .html] accession number NC_001847) and has been shown to play an important role in HSV type 1 (HSV-1) pathogenicity in vivo. UL56-deficient HSV-1 mutants are substantially less neuroinvasive (4, 58), although little is known molecularly about how this attenuation occurs. HSV-2 UL56 is a 235-amino-acid, C-terminally anchored, type II membrane protein (39) that is predicted to be inserted into the viral envelope so that the N-terminal domain is located in the virion tegument. In this topology, UL56 is predicted to have a 216-amino-acid cytoplasmic domain. UL56 associates with the neuron-specific kinesin KIF1A (41) and the HSV-2 protein UL11 (40). KIF1A is involved in the axonal transport of synaptic vesicle precursors (51), and its association with UL56 suggests that UL56 may affect vesicular transport in infected neurons. UL11 is a tegument protein that is involved in the envelopment and egress of viral nucleocapsids (3) and has dynamic membrane-trafficking properties (45). UL56 may specifically promote UL11 function in virion envelopment and egress in infected neur...

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The DNA Sequence of the Simian Varicella Virus Genome

Cited by 89 publications

References 35 publications

Sequence and Genetic Arrangement of the U_SRegion of the Monkey B Virus (Cercopithecine Herpesvirus 1) Genome and Comparison with the U_SRegions of Other Primate Herpesviruses

Sequence and Genetic Arrangement of the U_SRegion of the Monkey B Virus (Cercopithecine Herpesvirus 1) Genome and Comparison with the U_SRegions of Other Primate Herpesviruses

Molecular epidemiology of African swine fever in East Africa

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 UL56 Interacts with the Ubiquitin Ligase Nedd4 and Increases Its Ubiquitination

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The DNA Sequence of the Simian Varicella Virus Genome

Cited by 89 publications

References 35 publications

Sequence and Genetic Arrangement of the USRegion of the Monkey B Virus (Cercopithecine Herpesvirus 1) Genome and Comparison with the USRegions of Other Primate Herpesviruses

Sequence and Genetic Arrangement of the USRegion of the Monkey B Virus (Cercopithecine Herpesvirus 1) Genome and Comparison with the USRegions of Other Primate Herpesviruses

Molecular epidemiology of African swine fever in East Africa

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 UL56 Interacts with the Ubiquitin Ligase Nedd4 and Increases Its Ubiquitination

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Sequence and Genetic Arrangement of the U_SRegion of the Monkey B Virus (Cercopithecine Herpesvirus 1) Genome and Comparison with the U_SRegions of Other Primate Herpesviruses

Sequence and Genetic Arrangement of the U_SRegion of the Monkey B Virus (Cercopithecine Herpesvirus 1) Genome and Comparison with the U_SRegions of Other Primate Herpesviruses