The professional field of industrial hygiene/occupational hygiene has its roots in the profession of public health, which means the preservation of health and prevention of disease among people engaged in an occupation. The modern definition of industrial hygiene also includes protection of the health of persons living in the community or around a place of work from hazards that may arise from that place of work and affect overall health. This chapter focuses on various factors that are involved in relating exposure to health hazards to human health and well‐being and the rationale upon which the practice of industrial hygiene/occupational hygiene is based. Significant progress has been made during the past century in characterizing and controlling exposure to occupational health hazards. Comprehensive industrial hygiene programs are being used to effectively control exposures to work hazards in most developed countries, but this is less so in emerging economies. Today, the rationale for industrial hygiene practice continues to evolve to help address such important topics as how the occupational environment affects and relates to the physiological, psychological, and behavioral aspects of health and well‐being.