The Effect of Aluminium Hydroxide (ATH) on the Mechanical Properties and Fire Resistivity of Palm-Based Fibreboard Prepared by Pre-Polymerization Method

Redwan, Amamer; Badri, Khairiah Haji; Tarawneh, Mou’ad A.

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.287

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…T onset10% for EGIM was 197°C, which was related to the expansion of the expandable graphite pulp fibers into a ''worm''-like char layer at a low temperature 160°C due to the redox reaction between the inserted H 2 SO 4 and the layered graphite [14]. For the SYIM sample, the Tmax 1 (254°C) could be due to the decomposition of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) at a temperature of 180°C [15]; and the catalytic dehydration of pulp fibers by the polyphosphates produced in the decomposition of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) [16]. As a result, the thermally stable char generated and that resulted in a higher Tmax 2 for SYIM.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is difficult to model the material behavior when the material is exposed to a fire due to the complex combination of fluid dynamics, combustion, heat and mass transfer, and kinetics [13]. Many studies on the contributions of fire retardant have concluded that a fire retardant can catalyze the cellulose degradation and improve the generation of char that reduces the heat and mass transfer [14][15][16]. The thermal stability, decomposition rate, char-forming rate, and char yield of the thermal insulating materials also affect the fire retardancy [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mechanism and kinetics of thermal degradation of insulating materials developed from cellulose fiber and fire retardants

Zheng

2018

J Therm Anal Calorim

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The mechanism and kinetics of thermal degradation of materials developed from cellulose fiber and synergetic fire retardant or expandable graphite have been investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. The model-free methods such as Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Friedman, and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) were applied to measure apparent activation energy (E a). The increased E a indicated a greater thermal stability because of the formation of a thermally stable char, and the decreased E a after the increasing region related to the catalytic reaction of the fire retardants, which revealed that the pyrolysis of fire retardant-containing cellulosic materials through more complex and multi-step kinetics. The Friedman method can be considered as the best method to evaluate the E a of fire-retarded cellulose thermal insulation compared with the KAS and FWO methods. A master-plots method such as the Criado method was used to determine the possible degradation mechanisms. The degradation of cellulose thermal insulation without a fire retardant is governed by a D3 diffusion process when the conversion value is below 0.6, but the materials containing synergetic fire retardant and expandable graphite fire retardant may have a complicated reaction mechanism that fits several proposed theoretical models in different conversion ranges. Gases released during the thermal degradation were identified by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Fire retardants could catalyze the dehydration of cellulosic thermal insulating materials at a lower temperature and facilitate the generation of furfural and levoglucosenone, thus promoting the formation of char. These results provide useful information to understand the pyrolysis and fire retardancy mechanism of fire-retarded cellulose thermal insulation. Keywords Thermal degradation Á Thermal kinetics Á Fire retardant Á Cellulose fiber Á Thermal insulating APP Ammonium polyphosphate ATH Aluminum hydroxide E a Apparent activation energy (kJ mol-1) EGIM Expandable graphite fire-retardant insulating material FWO Flynn-Wall-Ozawa KAS Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose Py-GC/ MS Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy R Gas constant (8.314 J K-1 mol-1) SYIM Synergetic fire retardant insulating material T Absolute temperature (K) TG Thermogravimetry

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism and kinetics of thermal degradation of insulating materials developed from cellulose fiber and fire retardants

Zheng

2018

J Therm Anal Calorim

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For the synergetic fire retardant + MFC-coated sample, the residue formed a shrunken char and could not maintain its original shape. This was due to stress changes during the catalytic dehydration of cellulosic fibers by polyphosphates produced during ammonium polyphosphate (APP) decomposition (Seefeldt et al 2012), water release and formation of Al 2 O 3 ( Figure 8f) from aluminum hydroxide (ATH) decomposition at 180°C (Musbah Redwan et al 2015), and the evolution of diluted gases, such as NH 3 (Statheropoulos and Kyriakou 2000). Additionally, the generation of thermally stable char resulted in a higher T max in the late stage, as evidenced by thermal gravimet- ric analysis (Figure 3).…”

Section: Cone Calorimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving fire retardancy of cellulosic thermal insulating materials by coating with bio-based fire retardants

Zheng

2019

Nordic Pulp &Amp; Paper Research Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sustainable thermal insulating materials produced from cellulosic fibers provide a viable alternative to plastic insulation foams. Industrially available, abundant, and inexpensive mechanical pulp fiber and recycled textile fiber provide potential raw materials to produce thermal insulating materials. To improve the fire retardancy of low-density thermal insulating materials produced from recycled cotton denim and mechanical pulp fibers, bio-based fire retardants, such as sulfonated kraft lignin, kraft lignin, and nanoclays, were coated onto sustainable insulating material surfaces to enhance their fire retardancy. Microfibrillated cellulose was used as a bio-based binder in the coating formula to disperse and bond the fire-retardant particles to the underlying thermal insulating materials. The flammability of the coated thermal insulating materials was tested using a single-flame source test and cone calorimetry. The results showed that sulfonated kraft lignin-coated cellulosic thermal insulating materials had a better fire retardancy compared with that for kraft lignin with a coating weight of 0.8 kg/m2. Nanoclay-coated samples had the best fire retardancy and did not ignite under a heat flux of 25 kW/m2, as shown by cone calorimetry and single-flame source tests, respectively. These cost-efficient and bio-based fire retardants have broad applications for improving fire retardancy of sustainable thermal insulating materials.

show abstract

“…The application of minerals in wood and wood‐based materials has attracted increased attention 1‐6 . Among the various advantages of the application of mineral additives in wood‐based materials, such as the potential cost reduction, the applications as a fire retardant (FR) is considered one of the most promising fields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the use of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate as a mineral‐based fire retardant for application in melamine‐urea‐formaldehyde (MUF)‐bonded wood‐based composite materials

Ożyhar¹,

Tschannen

Thoemen

et al. 2021

Fire and Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) was evaluated for its potential as a mineral fire retardant (FR) for application in melamine‐urea‐formaldehyde (MUF)‐bonded wood composites. The efficacy as FR was studied in melamine‐urea‐formaldehyde (MUF)‐bonded three‐layer particleboard as a function of addition quantities of 10‐, 20‐ and 30 wt%. Resistance to fire and mechanical properties were determined by measuring the self‐extinguishing time after flame exposure and internal bond strength, respectively. Combustion behavior was examined on samples with 20 wt% DCPD addition by performing cone calorimetry experiments. The efficacy of DCPD was evaluated by determining the heat release, total heat release rate, smoke production, and smoke production rate and compared to another promising mineral‐based fire‐retardant composition (FRC) based on hydroxyapatite (HA) with deliquescent salt and HA alone. The effect of FR on the curing behavior of MUF in relation to mechanical properties was determined through viscosity measurements of MUF with 10 wt% addition of FR. The results confirmed the fire‐retardant characteristics of DCPD in wood composites, albeit at higher application rates when compared to the FRC, however with no negative impact on resin curing time or mechanical strength. Based on the demonstrated compatibility in MUF, DCPD is considered a promising mineral extender of other FRs for application in UF‐based wood composites.

show abstract

The Effect of Aluminium Hydroxide (ATH) on the Mechanical Properties and Fire Resistivity of Palm-Based Fibreboard Prepared by Pre-Polymerization Method

Cited by 14 publications

References 10 publications

Mechanism and kinetics of thermal degradation of insulating materials developed from cellulose fiber and fire retardants

Mechanism and kinetics of thermal degradation of insulating materials developed from cellulose fiber and fire retardants

Improving fire retardancy of cellulosic thermal insulating materials by coating with bio-based fire retardants

Evaluating the use of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate as a mineral‐based fire retardant for application in melamine‐urea‐formaldehyde (MUF)‐bonded wood‐based composite materials

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About