The effect of amblyopia treatment on stereoacuity

Stewart, Catherine E.; Wallace, Michael P.; Stephens, David A.; Fielder, Alistair R.; Moseley, Merrick J.

doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.10.021

Cited by 60 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…18,19 Stereoacuity can be improved with treatment of amblyopia. 20 However, in our study, amblyopia was not a predictive factor for failure in recovery of stereopsis (p = 0.22). Binocular dysfunction is primary and monocular visual acuity loss is secondary.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 72%

Factors Affecting Improvement of Stereopsis Following Successful Surgical Correction of Childhood Strabismus in Adults

2015

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Purpose: To evaluate the factors affecting improvement of stereopsis following successful surgical correction of childhood strabismus in adults. Methods: In a prospective study, consecutive patients with childhood-onset, comitant, horizontal, constant strabismus; stereoacuity of more than 480 seconds of arc in TNO stereo test (absent stereopsis in TNO); and who had successful postoperative alignment (within 10 prism diopters [PD] of orthotropia) were enrolled. Postoperative stereopsis testing was performed using the TNO stereo test at 3 months after surgery.Results: A total of 34 patients (20 exotropes and 14 esotropes) were included. The mean age at the time of surgery was 26.08 ± 10.53 years (range, 14-53 years). Stereopsis was improved in 8 of 34 patients (23.5%). Postoperative alignment had influence on improvement of stereopsis; 38.1% of patients who had orthotropia gained stereopsis, whereas none of patients who had horizontal heterotropia (esotropia or exotropia) of 10 PD or less gained stereopsis (p = 0.01). Misalignment of 10 years' duration or longer did not preclude the development of postoperative stereoacuity (p = 0.31). There was a statistically insignificant increase in improvement of stereopsis in nonamblyopic group (30.4%) compared with amblyopic group (9.1%) (p = 0.22). Also, there was a statistically insignificant increase in improvement of stereopsis in exotropes (35%) compared with esotropes (7.1%) (p = 0.1). The angle of preoperative deviation had no influence on improvement of stereopsis (p = 0.44). Conclusion: A postoperative correction of orthotropia was the only predictive factor for improvement of stereopsis in adults with childhood strabismus.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 72%

Factors Affecting Improvement of Stereopsis Following Successful Surgical Correction of Childhood Strabismus in Adults

2015

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“…For example, Richardson, Wright, Hrisos, Buck, and Clarke (2005), found that refractive correction alone resulted in an 30 arc s improvement in stereoacuity in non-strabismic amblyopic children between the ages of 3 and 4 years, 9 months. This improvement in stereopsis from refractive correction alone (often referred to as refractive adaptation) has been confirmed by other studies (Stewart et al, 2013). Importantly the improvement is not limited to anisometropic amblyopia, but also extends to strabismic amblyopia.…”

Section: Can Stereopsis Be Recovered In Children and Adults With Asupporting

confidence: 79%

“…In addition, some of the studies may have confounded treatments. For example, as noted above, in children, spectacle correction alone can improve visual acuity and stereoacuity (Richardson et al, 2005; Stewart et al, 2013). Amblyopic subjects, upon entry to a study are often refracted and given an updated spectacle correction.…”

Section: Summary Caveats and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Stereopsis and amblyopia: A mini-review

2015

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Amblyopia is a neuro-developmental disorder of the visual cortex that arises from abnormal visual experience early in life. Amblyopia is clinically important because it is a major cause of vision loss in infants and young children. Amblyopia is also of basic interest because it reflects the neural impairment that occurs when normal visual development is disrupted. Amblyopia provides an ideal model for understanding when and how brain plasticity may be harnessed for recovery of function. Over the past two decades there has been a rekindling of interest in developing more effective methods for treating amblyopia, and for extending the treatment beyond the critical period, as exemplified by new clinical trials and new basic research studies. The focus of this review is on stereopsis and its potential for recovery. Impaired stereoscopic depth perception is the most common deficit associated with amblyopia under ordinary (binocular) viewing conditions (Webber & Wood, 2005). Our review of the extant literature suggests that this impairment may have a substantial impact on visuomotor tasks, difficulties in playing sports in children and locomoting safely in older adults. Furthermore, impaired stereopsis may also limit career options for amblyopes. Finally, stereopsis is more impacted in strabismic than in anisometropic amblyopia. Our review of the various approaches to treating amblyopia (patching, perceptual learning, videogames) suggests that there are several promising new approaches to recovering stereopsis in both anisometropic and strabismic amblyopes. However, recovery of stereoacuity may require more active treatment in strabismic than in anisometropic amblyopia. Individuals with strabismic amblyopia have a very low probability of improvement with monocular training; however they fare better with dichoptic training than with monocular training, and even better with direct stereo training.

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“…Regardless of the mechanism behind optical treatment of strabismic amblyopia, the fact that considerable gains in acuity and stereopsis can be achieved places optometrists at the frontline of treatment. A useful field guide, informed by sound empirical evidence, has been complied by Chen and Cotter .…”

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confidence: 99%