The effect of fish stocking density on the growth of California halibut (Paralichthys californicus) juveniles

Merino, Germán E.; Piedrahita, Raul H.; Conklin, Douglas E.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.028

Cited by 61 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This observation corroborates with results obtained in other species such as Atlantic cod (Bjö rnsson et al, 2012) and California halibut Paralichthys californicus (Merino et al, 2007), which could be explained by higher metabolism at high densities compared with relative low densities. On the other hand, lower growth performance and feed efficiency could also be explained by greater feed loss, as at higher stocking densities the residence time of water in the tank decreases, which leads to more pellets being flushed out of the tank before fish are able to catch it (Bjö rnsson et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The effects of rearing density on growth, size heterogeneity and inter-individual variation of feed intake in monosex male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L.

Azaza

Assad

Maghrbi

et al. 2013

Animal

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The growth dispersion of farmed fish is a subject of increasing interest and one of the most important factors in stocking density. On a duration of 60 days, the effect of stocking density on the growth, coefficient of variation and inter-individual variation of feed intake (CVFI) of juvenile Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. (14.9 ± 1.2 g) were studied in an experimental tank-based flow-through system. Groups of fish were stocked at four stocking densities: 200, 400, 600 and 800 fish/m3, corresponding to a density of ∼3, 6, 9 and 12 kg/m3 and referred to as D1, D2, D3 and D4, respectively. Each treatment was applied to triplicate groups in a completely randomized design. No treatment-related mortality was observed. The fish densities increased throughout the experiment from 3 to 23.5, 6 to 43.6, 9 to 56.6 and 12 to 69 kg/m3. Results show that mass gain and specific growth rate (SGR, %M/day) were negatively correlated with increased stocking density. Groups of the D1 treatment reached a mean final body mass (FBM) of 119.3 g v. 88.9 g for the D4 groups. Feed conversion ratios (FCRs) were 1.38, 1.54, 1.62 and 1.91 at D1, D2, D3 and D4 treatments, respectively. Growth heterogeneity, expressed by the inter-individual variations of fish mass (CVM), was significantly affected by time (P < 0.001), stocking density (P < 0.001) and their interaction (P < 0.05). The difference in CVM was particularly conspicuous towards the end of the experiment and was positively correlated with stocking density. Similarly, radiographic study shows that CVFI was also found to be significantly greater for groups reared at high stocking densities (D3 and D4) than the other treatments (D1 and D2). These differences in both CVM and CVFI related to the stocking density need to be taken into account by husbandry practices to assure the production of more homogeneous fish size. A simple economic analysis indicates a parabolic relationship between profit and density with optimal final density at the peak of the curve. Given reasonable assumptions about production costs, the optimal final density (D opt) is 73.7 kg/m3. A sensitivity analysis shows that changes in the fixed cost have no effects on the optimal final density. However, small change in variable costs, such as feed and juvenile costs, may have substantial effect on the optimal density.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The effects of rearing density on growth, size heterogeneity and inter-individual variation of feed intake in monosex male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L.

Azaza

Assad

Maghrbi

et al. 2013

Animal

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“…Although no differences among density treatments existed with respect to SGR, overall AGR of fish reared at high density was 17.6% less than that that of fish reared at low density, and the increase in mean biomass of high-density tanks was 22.3% less than that of low-density tanks. The inverse relationship between rearing density on production and growth of Florida pompano observed in this study is in agreement with results obtained from density studies conducted with turbot (Irwin et al 1999), California halibut (Merino et al 2007), Atlantic cod (Lambert and Dutil 2001), common sole (Howell 1998;Schram et al 2006), gilthead seabream (Canario et al 1998), red porgy (Maragoudaki et al 1999), and European seabass (Paspatis et al 2003). In the case of turbot, California halibut, Atlantic cod, and common soles, investigators observed that the size variation increased with increased rearing density.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Specifically, overall feed consumption and FCE of fish reared at high density was 5.8% and 12.1% less, respectively, than those of fish reared at low density. Reduced feed efficiency at increased rearing density has also been reported for European seabass (Paspatis et al 2003), California halibut (Merino et al 2007), olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Jeon et al 1993), and Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus (Metusalach et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Although both positive and negative relationships between stocking density and various fish production indices have been documented, the latter is usually the case, as shown by the results of density studies conducted on a variety of marine finfishes, including Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (Refstie and Kittelsen 1976;Soderberg et al 1993), gilthead seabream Sparus aurata (Canario et al 1998), red porgy Pagrus pagrus (Maragoudaki et al 1999), Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Bjö rnsson 1994), California halibut Paralichthys californicus (Merino et al 2007), European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax (Paspatis et al 2003), common sole Solea solea (Howell 1998;Schram et al 2006), white-spotted rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus (El-Sayed et al 1995), estuary grouper Epinephelus salmoides (Teng and Chua 1979), turbot Scophthalmus maximus (Howell 1998;Irwin et al 1999;Ma et al 2006), Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (Lambert and Dutil 2001;Björnsson and Olafsdottir 2006), silver hake Merluccius bilinearis (Helser and Almeida 1997), amarillo snapper Lutjanus argentiventris (Guerrero-Tortolero et al 1999), and yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata (Sakakura and Tsukamoto 1998). The presence of an inverse relationship between stocking density and production performance may be attributed to one or more of a suite of factors, including competition (Brett 1979;Helser and Almeida 1997;Irwin et al 1999), formation of hierarchic structures and agonistic behaviors (Keenleyside and Yamamoto 1962;Refstie and Kittelsen 1976;Brown et al 1992;Howell 1998), space limitation (Björnsson 1994;Ewing et al 1998), and suboptimal water quality (Kindschi and Koby 1994;Zoccarato et al 1994;…”

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confidence: 99%

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Production Characteristics and Body Composition of Florida Pompano Reared to Market Size at Two Different Densities in Low‐Salinity Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

et al. 2009

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The effect of culture density on production characteristics and body composition of Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus reared to market size using recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) maintained at a salinity of 5% was evaluated in a 110-d growth trial (water temperature ¼ 27.0-28.58C). Juvenile Florida pompano (mean weight 6 SE ¼ 259.0 6 3.0 g) were stocked into two tanks from each of four separate RASs at an initial nominal density of 6.5 (low density) or 13.0 kg/m 3 (high density), equivalent to 200 and 400 fish/tank, respectively. After stocking, fish were fed a 4.7-mm, floating pelleted diet (50% protein, 14% lipid) twice daily at a targeted daily feed rate of 3% body weight per day. At stocking and at 3week intervals thereafter, 10% of the fish population of each tank was sampled to determine production characteristics, including mean weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, absolute growth rate (AGR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), biomass, and survival. At termination, fish in all tanks were harvested to determine production characteristics and samples were obtained to determine whole-body composition, energy retention, protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV), hepatosomatic index, gonadosomatic index, and fillet yield. Results indicated that final weight (570.0 g), weight gain (312.7 g), AGR (2.8 g/d), FCE (25.5%), PER (0.54), and PPV (11.5%) of fish reared at high density were significantly lower than those of fish reared at low density. No differences were observed between density treatments with respect to other measured variables. Additional studies must focus on the development of finishing diets for final stages of Florida pompano production to increase FCE and to determine optimal rearing densities. In addition, research to evaluate the potential of rearing pompano in RASs at salinities lower than 5%, perhaps through environmental or dietary enhancement of critical ions, is warranted.

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“…Abundant literature exists on broodstock management and culture technology of other flatfishes of the genus Paralichthys such as P. olivaceus in Japan (Alam et al, 2002;Furuita et al, 2002;Hernández et al, 2007;Yamaguchi et al, 2007), P. microps in Chile (Silva, 2001), P. californicus (Conklin et al, 2003;Gisbert et al, 2004;Merino et al, 2007;Palumbo et al, 2007) and P. lethostigma (Smith et al, 1999;Watanabe & Carroll, 1999) in the United States, P. orbignyanus in Argentina and Brazil Müller et al, 2006;Lanes et al, 2009Lanes et al, , 2010; although little is known about the use of Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) technology for broodstock culture of P. adspersus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broodstock management of the fine flounder Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner, 1867) using recirculating aquaculture systems

Carrera

Cota

Montes

et al. 2013

lajar

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ABSTRACT. The present study describes the methodology used at IMARPE for the capture, acclimation and management of P. adspersus broodstock using recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). RAS improved the water quality and maintained the environmental parameters during the acclimation period, temperature (17.2±1ºC), oxygen (8.1±0.7 mg L -1 ), pH (7.3±0.2), ammonia (0.004±0.003 mg L -1 ), nitrite (0.52±0.2 mg L -1 ) and nitrate (3.45±2.6 mg L -1 ). Fish began to be fed normally from day 15 post-capture, once or twice a day using live fish (Odonthestes regia regia, Mugil cephalus), crustacean (Emerita analoga), fresh food (Engraulis ringens and Dosidicus gigas) and artificial feed. A significant loss in the weight of the fish was registered during the first days of captivity, followed by a continuous increase in both sexes. The specific growth rate was positive from the third month of captivity, being the relative growth rate 24.5% and 16.2% in August 2010 in males and females, respectively. Different internal and external parasites were detected in the fish, being Entobdella sp. and Philometra sp. the prevailing parasites observed during samplings. Keywords: Paralichthys adspersus, reproduction, recirculating aquaculture system, broodstock management, culture, Peru. Manejo de reproductores del lenguado Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner, 1867)usando sistemas de recirculación en acuicultura RESUMEN. El presente trabajo, describe la metodología desarrollada en IMARPE para la captura, aclimatación y acondicionamiento de ejemplares adultos de P. adspersus en sistemas de recirculación (SRA), con la finalidad de formar un stock de reproductores. El SRA permitió manejar parámetros medioambientales estables durante el periodo de acondicionamiento, como: temperatura del agua (17,2±1ºC), oxígeno disuelto (8,1±0,7 mg L -1 ), pH (7,3±0,2), amonio (0,004±0,003 mg L -1 ), nitrito (0,52±0,2 mg L -1 ) y nitrato (3,45±2,6 mg L -1 ). Se dio inicio a la alimentación el día 15 post-captura, utilizando alimento vivo (Odonthestes regia regia, Mugil cephalus), crustáceos (Emerita analoga), alimento fresco (Engraulis ringens y Dosidicus gigas) y artificial semihúmedo. Durante los primeros días de acondicionamiento los peces mostraron una disminución en el peso, hasta su adaptación a las condiciones de cultivo, luego de lo cual se produjo un incremento continuo en ambos sexos. La tasa específica de crecimiento fue positiva a partir del tercer mes y la tasa de crecimiento relativo mostró que en agosto 2010, el peso promedio se incrementó 24,5% en machos y 16,2% en hembras. Se realizó un análisis patológico a los ejemplares capturados y se observó la presencia de diferentes parásitos internos y externos, entre ellos predominaron Entobdella sp. y Philometra sp. Latin American Journal of Aquatic ResearchPalabras clave: Paralichthys adspersus, reproducción, sistema de recirculación en acuicultura, manejo de reproductores, cultivo, Perú.

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The effect of fish stocking density on the growth of California halibut (Paralichthys californicus) juveniles

Cited by 61 publications

References 29 publications

The effects of rearing density on growth, size heterogeneity and inter-individual variation of feed intake in monosex male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L.

The effects of rearing density on growth, size heterogeneity and inter-individual variation of feed intake in monosex male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L.

Production Characteristics and Body Composition of Florida Pompano Reared to Market Size at Two Different Densities in Low‐Salinity Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

Broodstock management of the fine flounder Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner, 1867) using recirculating aquaculture systems

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