“…The success of sperm freezing with liquid nitrogen requires cooling rates between 10°C and 60°C/min (Harvey & Carolsfeld, 1993), and cylinders exclusively containing liquid nitrogen vapour (Carolsfeld & Harvey, 1999) ensure cooling rates in this range, but do not allow for a controlled freezing curve. Freezing curves obtained with the use of programmable bio-freezers have been increasingly applied as an innovative tool for the study of several species (Fang, Blair, Zhong, Sun, & Zhou, 2016;Frankel, Theisen, Guthrie, Welch, & Woods, 2013;Silva et al, 2013).…”