The effect of head and neck per-cooling on neuromuscular fatigue following exercise in the heat

Gordon, Ralph; Tillin, Neale A.; Tyler, Christopher J.

doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0079

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Skin thermistors (EUS-U-VL3-0, Grant Instruments, Cambridge, UK) were secured over the skin with a transparent dressing (Tegaderm, 3M, Minnesota, USA) and surgical tape, to assess local skin temperature. Mean weighted skin temperature (T sk ) was calculated 16 from the right-side: suprasternal notch, flexi carpi radials, gastrocnemius and rectus femoris (T th ). Heart rate (HR) was recorded with a heart rate monitor (F3, Polar Electro, UK, Ltd).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive hyperthermia elicits distinct responses in maximum and rapid torque production

Gordon

Tyler

Castelli

et al. 2021

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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Objectives: To investigate the effect of progressive whole-body hyperthermia on maximal, and rapid voluntary torque production, and their neuromuscular determinants. Design: Repeated measures, randomised. Methods: Nine participants performed sets of neuromuscular assessments in HOT conditions (∼50 • C, ∼35% relative humidity) at rectal temperatures (T re ) of 37, 38.5 and 39.5 • C and in CON conditions (∼22 • C, ∼35% relative humidity) at a T re of ∼37 • C and pre-determined comparative time-points. Electrically evoked twitch (single impulse) and octet (8 impulses at 300 Hz) responses were measured at rest. Maximum voluntary torque (MVT), surface electromyography (EMG) normalised to maximal M-wave, and voluntary activation (VA) were measured during 3−5 s isometric maximal voluntary contractions. Rate of torque development (RTD) and normalised EMG were measured during rapid voluntary isometric contractions from rest. Results: All neuromuscular variables were unaffected by time in CON. In HOT, MVT, normalised EMG at MVT and VA were lower at 39.5 • C compared to 37 • C (p < 0.05). Early-(0−50 ms) and middle-(50−100 ms) phase voluntary RTD were unaffected by increased T re (p > 0.05), despite lower normalised EMG at T re 39.5 • C (p < 0.05) in rapid contractions. In contrast, late-phase (100−150 ms) voluntary RTD was lower at 38.5 • C and 39.5 • C compared to 37 • C (p < 0.05) in HOT. Evoked twitch and octet RTD increased with increased T re (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Hyperthermia reduced late-phase voluntary RTD, likely due to reduced neural drive and the reduction in MVT. In contrast, early-and middle-phase voluntary RTD were unaffected by hyperthermia, likely due to the conflicting effects of reduced neural drive but faster intrinsic contractile properties.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive hyperthermia elicits distinct responses in maximum and rapid torque production

Gordon

Tyler

Castelli

et al. 2021

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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Section: ---------------------------Insert Table 3 About Here------------------------------------------6 Combined Head Neck And/or Facialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The impact of combined facial/head and neck cooling on the sports and exercise performance is presented in Table 4 [54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. Obviously, the combined hear/face and neck cooling could largely improve the thermal sensation and thermal discomfort at the cooling regions [54][55][56][57][58][59]. The effect of combined effect of either head and neck or facial and head cooling on exercise performance in the heat remains unclear and may not actually render any ergogenic benefits compared to neck cooling along despite a larger total cooling area in the combined cooling strategy as compared to the single cooling approach being applied to the face, neck or the head [61].…”

Section: ---------------------------Insert Table 3 About Here------------------------------------------6 Combined Head Neck And/or Facialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head, facial and neck cooling as per-cooling modalities to improve exercise performance in the heat: A narrative review and practical applications

Cao

Lei

Wang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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It has been well established that athletic performance is greatly affected by environmental heat. Numerous studies have attempted to find reliable cooling strategies to improve athletic performance while exercising in the heat. Whole-body pre-cooling has been found to enhance endurance performance in both dry and humid heat. Nevertheless, positive physiological alternations induced by pre-cooling gradually disappear during exercise. Hence, there is a great need to find effective per-cooling strategies to improve athletic performance in the heat. Unfortunately, it is impractical to adopt pre-cooling approaches as a per-cooling modality to improve athletic performance due to inherent issues of practicality. Thus, a narrative review was conducted to examine the impact of head, neck and facial cooling on athletic performance in the heat. Based on current evidences, head, neck and facial cooling could greatly decrease local skin temperature at those areas where cooling was applied and thereby, local perceptual sensations were greatly enhanced. Neck cooling during exercise is found effective to improve athletic performance for both endurance and team sports athletes in the heat. Besides, neck cooling is preferred over the head, facial & combined head, facial and neck cooling for both endurance and team sport athletes in the heat from a practical application viewpoint. Research is lacking on the systematically selection of per-cooling modalities to improve athletic performance based on environmental conditions and nature of the sports activity. In addition, powerful but portable head, neck and facial cooling systems are urgently required to help athletes improving performance in the heat.

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“…Reductions in perceived thermal strain, for example, from neck cooling, can improve subsequent exercise performance/capacity in the heat (Sunderland et al., 2015 ; Tyler & Sunderland, 2011a , 2011b ; Tyler et al., 2010 ). The mechanism for this effect may be associated with an attenuation in hyperthermia‐induced reductions in the neural drive (Gordon et al., 2020 ; Racinais et al., 2008 ). An attenuation in the hyperthermia‐induced reduction in neural drive may, therefore, limit declines in MVT and, coupled with faster contractile properties due to a warmer muscle, potentially increase voluntary RTD, during high thermal strain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary torque production is unaffected by changes in local thermal sensation during normothermia and hyperthermia

Gordon

Tillin

Diss

et al. 2023

Experimental Physiology

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New Findings What is the central question of this study?Hyperthermia reduces the human capacity to produce muscular force, which is associated with decreased neural drive: does mitigating a reduction in neural drive by altering localised thermal sensation help to preserve voluntary force output? What is the main finding and its importance?Altering thermal sensation by cooling and heating the head independent of core temperature did not change neural drive or benefit voluntary force production. Head cooling did slow the rate of rise in core temperature during heating, which may have practical applications in passive settings. Abstract This study investigated altered local head and neck thermal sensation on maximal and rapid torque production during voluntary contractions. Nine participants completed four visits in two environmental conditions: at rectal temperatures ∼39.5°C in hot (HOT; ∼50°C, ∼39% relative humidity) and ∼37°C in thermoneutral (NEU; ∼22°C, ∼46% relative humidity) conditions. Local thermal sensation was manipulated by heating in thermoneutral conditions and cooling in hot conditions. Evoked twitches and octets were delivered at rest. Maximum voluntary torque (MVT), normalised surface electromyography (EMG) and voluntary activation (VA) were assessed during brief maximal isometric voluntary contractions of the knee extensors. Rate of torque development (RTD) and EMG were measured during rapid voluntary contractions. MVT (P = 0.463) and RTD (P = 0.061) were similar between environmental conditions despite reduced VA (−6%; P = 0.047) and EMG at MVT (−31%; P = 0.019). EMG in the rapid voluntary contractions was also lower in HOT versus NEU during the initial 100 ms (−24%; P = 0.035) and 150 ms (−26%; P = 0.035). Evoked twitch (+70%; P < 0.001) and octet (+27%; P < 0.001) RTD during the initial 50 ms were greater in the HOT compared to NEU conditions, in addition to a faster relaxation rate of the muscle (−33%; P < 0.001). In conclusion, hyperthermia reduced neural drive without affecting voluntary torque, likely due to the compensatory effects of improved intrinsic contractile function and faster contraction and relaxation rates of the knee extensors. Changes in local thermal perception of the head and neck whilst hyperthermic or normothermic did not affect voluntary torque.

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The effect of head and neck per-cooling on neuromuscular fatigue following exercise in the heat

Cited by 8 publications

References 39 publications

Progressive hyperthermia elicits distinct responses in maximum and rapid torque production

Progressive hyperthermia elicits distinct responses in maximum and rapid torque production

Head, facial and neck cooling as per-cooling modalities to improve exercise performance in the heat: A narrative review and practical applications

Voluntary torque production is unaffected by changes in local thermal sensation during normothermia and hyperthermia

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