The effect of multiple segment interaction dynamics on elbow valgus load during baseball pitching

Naito, Kozo; Takagi, Tokio; Kubota, Hideaki; Minamikawa, Takeo

doi:10.1177/1754337117745239

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This analysis supports the general belief that shoulder external rotation has a substantial effect on the generation of elbow valgus torque. 2,37,47,55 As the power absorbed by the upper arm was found to be a significant predictor of MEV in all pitchers, it is plausible that this power absorption represents the storage and release of elastic energy that subsequently powers the rapid internal rotation of the shoulder during the acceleration phase. 14,44…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…45,46 Baseball pitching is frequently referred to as a “whip-like” motion to describe the kinetic chain through which segmental energy flows, and the contribution of motion-dependent interactive torques within this kinetic chain is not decomposed in segmental power analysis. 21,37 Hence, this study utilized regression analyses as a compromise to determine the power contributions of proximal segmental motion on elbow valgus torque, similar to the correlational methods used in gait analysis. 48 Future research should examine more precisely the energy redistribution mechanisms among multiple segments involved in the development of elbow valgus loading during baseball pitching.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Segmental Power Analysis of Sequential Body Motion and Elbow Valgus Loading During Baseball Pitching: Comparison Between Professional and High School Baseball Players

Aguinaldo

Escamilla

2019

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Pitching-related elbow injuries remain prevalent across all levels of baseball. Elbow valgus torque has been identified as a modifiable risk factor of injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament in skeletally mature pitchers. Purpose: To examine how segmental energy flow (power) influences elbow valgus torque and ball speed in professional versus high school baseball pitchers. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 16 professional pitchers (mean age, 21.9 ± 3.6 years) and 15 high school pitchers (mean age, 15.5 ± 1.1 years) participated in marker-based motion analysis of baseball pitching. Ball speed, maximum elbow valgus torque (MEV), temporal parameters, and mechanical power of the trunk, upper arm, and forearm were collected and compared using parametric statistical methods. Results: Professional pitchers threw with a higher ball speed (36.3 ± 2.9 m/s) compared with high school pitchers (30.4 ± 3.5 m/s) ( P = .001), and MEV was greater in professional pitchers (71.3 ± 20.0 N·m) than in high school pitchers (50.7 ± 14.6 N·m) ( P = .003). No significant difference in normalized MEV was found between groups ( P = .497). Trunk rotation time, trunk power, and upper arm power combined to predict MEV ( r = 0.823, P < .001), while trunk rotation time and trunk power were the only predictors of ball speed ( r = 0.731, P < .001). There were significant differences between the professional and high school groups in the timing of maximum pelvis rotation velocity (42.9 ± 9.7% of the pitching cycle [%PC] vs 27.9 ± 23.4 %PC, respectively; P < .025), maximum trunk rotation (33 ± 16 %PC vs 2 ± 23 %PC, respectively; P = .001), and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (102.4 ± 8.9 %PC vs 93.0 ± 11.7 %PC, respectively; P = .017). Conclusion: The power of trunk motion plays a critical role in the development of elbow valgus torque and ball speed. Professional and high school pitchers do not differ in elbow torque relative to their respective size but appear to adopt different patterns of segmental motion. Clinical Relevance: Because trunk rotation supplies the power associated with MEV and ball speed, training methods aimed at core stabilization and flexibility may benefit professional and high school pitchers in reducing the injury risk and improving pitching performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segmental Power Analysis of Sequential Body Motion and Elbow Valgus Loading During Baseball Pitching: Comparison Between Professional and High School Baseball Players

Aguinaldo

Escamilla

2019

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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“…Inertia matrix ( H ), matrices relating to gyroscopic moment ( R ), Coriolis ( V ), and centrifugal forces ( C ), and vectors of torque due to gravity ( G ), trunk linear acceleration ( P ), and external force ( F ) have been already defined and described in detail in previous studies. 12,14,23 T , θ · , and ϕ · are vectors of muscular torque, joint angular velocity, and the square of joint angular velocity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 IAA has been applied to assess the causes of pitched velocity, 10,11 energy flow in movement, 12,13 and elbow valgus load during pitching. 14 However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study has utilised IAA to examine the relationship between generation of shoulder joint shear force and throwing mechanics. It is theorised that shoulder joint force is related to the generation of harmful load on the throwing shoulder, whereas IAA found that inter-segmental joint forces play a substantial role in imparting the energy to the arm and ball through a kinetic chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between shoulder forces, shoulder joint shear stress, and throwing velocity during baseball pitching

Naito

Takagi

Kubota

et al. 2019

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P:

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It is well accepted that the anterior shoulder joint force generated in baseball pitching is a risk factor for throwing-related injuries. However, the exact mechanism that causes shoulder joint force is still unclear. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism underlying generation of shoulder shear stress, and gain knowledge about proper throwing mechanics that can minimise joint stress and maximise performance. To this end, the throwing motions of 16 male collegiate baseball pitchers were measured using a three-dimensional motion capture system. Subsequently, induced-joint force analysis and induced-segmental velocity analysis, developed in this study, were used to decompose the shoulder joint force and fingertip velocity of the throwing upper extremity into causal muscular and interactive torque components. Induced-joint force analysis showed that the muscular torque–induced component to the maximum anterior shoulder joint force accounts for more than 100%, and the shoulder horizontal adduction torque is the greatest contributor among all joints. Induced-segmental velocity analysis found that the centrifugal force effect was the largest contributor, at 42.3% of the maximum fingertip velocity. The current findings imply that effectively exploiting centrifugal force for throwing arm acceleration is the key factor for achieving proper throwing that maximises ball speed and minimises shoulder joint load.

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“…More specifically, these findings provide clinicians with a possible assessment to help determine if a baseball pitcher is operating in an energy efficient manner regarding the pitching motion. Based on these findings, those with lower CKCUEST scores may be forced to utilize the smaller musculature, tendons, and ligaments of the distal upper extremity in order to maintain a competitive velocity [20,40]. Previous research has suggested that proper segmental sequencing within the baseball pitch can potentially alleviate excessive internal rotation torque and elbow valgus torque [12,[39][40][41].…”

Section: Thiemementioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Humeral Energy Flow During the Baseball Pitch and Glenohumeral Stability

2020

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Researchers suggest that motion deriving energy from the more proximal segments of the body is important to reduce injury susceptibility. However, limited clinical assessments have been associated with efficient energy flow within a complex movement such as the baseball pitch. This research aimed to determine the relationship between glenohumeral stability as determined by the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test and energy transfer into and out of the humerus during the baseball pitching motion. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected at 240 Hz on twenty-four baseball pitchers. Participants performed the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test prior to throwing three fastballs at game speed to a catcher with the fastest fastball used for analysis. Spearman’s Rho were used to examine relationships between energy flow in and out of the humerus with glenohumeral stability as determined by the average score and normalized stance width during the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test. There was a significant negative correlation between the average score and normalized peak power leaving the humerus (r s[22]=−0.42, p=0.04). This result provides preliminary support for the use of the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test as a clinical assessment of a pitcher’s ability to efficiently transfer energy within the upper extremity during the pitch.

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The effect of multiple segment interaction dynamics on elbow valgus load during baseball pitching

Cited by 6 publications

References 30 publications

Segmental Power Analysis of Sequential Body Motion and Elbow Valgus Loading During Baseball Pitching: Comparison Between Professional and High School Baseball Players

Segmental Power Analysis of Sequential Body Motion and Elbow Valgus Loading During Baseball Pitching: Comparison Between Professional and High School Baseball Players

Relationship between shoulder forces, shoulder joint shear stress, and throwing velocity during baseball pitching

Relationship Between Humeral Energy Flow During the Baseball Pitch and Glenohumeral Stability

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