The effect of nitrate intake on nitrite formation in human saliva

Tannenbaum, S.R.; Weisman, M.; Fett, D.

doi:10.1016/s0015-6264(76)80006-5

Cited by 360 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Subsequently, NO 3 -is concentrated and delivered within saliva to the oral cavity where facultative microflora reduce NO 3 -to nitrite (NO 2 -) [21][22][23][24][25]. NO 2 --rich saliva is then ingested and NO 2 -is further reduced to nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive nitrogen intermediates in the acidic environment of the stomach [26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement in blood pressure after short-term inorganic nitrate supplementation is attenuated in cigarette smokers compared to non-smoking controls

et al. 2016

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement in blood pressure after short-term inorganic nitrate supplementation is attenuated in cigarette smokers compared to non-smoking controls

et al. 2016

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“…The nitric oxide generating solution also increased esophageal acid exposure [35]. Whether swallowed alkaline tobacco-contaminated saliva, comprising tobacco specific nitrosamine compounds [27], has any role in the development of esophagitis is unclear.Juice from snus contains high amounts of nitrate which can be reduced to nitrite in the oral cavity [28][29][30]. When saliva, including dietary nitrate, converted to nitrite, meets acidic gastric juice, the nitrite is converted to nitrous acid, nitrosative species and nitric oxide [29,30,36].…”

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confidence: 99%

Use of tobacco products and gastrointestinal morbidity: an endoscopic population-based study (the Kalixanda study)

et al. 2010

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There is little knowledge regarding the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and snus. The nicotine intake is usually higher than in smokers, and a great deal of tobacco juice contaminated saliva is swallowed during use. In a Swedish cross-sectional study of symptoms in 130,000 construction workers, smokers reported "ulcer-like" dyspepsia three times as often 5 as the non tobacco users, while snus users reported significantly fewer symptoms than both smokers and non tobacco users [10].It has been shown both in studies on patients and in population-based studies that smoking is a risk factor for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) [8,11], but there are no data concerning snus on this issue. Data from the US show that cigarette smokers have a markedly increased risk for gastric cancer and that use of more than one tobacco product increases the risk in men [12].Male users of smokeless or chewing tobacco have also been shown in US prospective studies to have higher death rates from all causes compared with non-users (CPS-I and II studies) and also higher death rates from cancer of the gastrointestinal tract overall (CPS-I study), but separate data on the upper gastrointestinal tract were not shown [13].Although there is extensive exposure to swallowed tobacco juice contaminated saliva, and high serum levels of nicotine and nitrites, there have been no studies in terms of oesophageal or gastric histology or Helicobacter pylori infection in snus users.The aim of the study was to investigate whether smoking cigarettes and snus use are associated with gastrointestinal symptomatology, macroscopic findings on endoscopy or histological signs of inflammation or cancer risk markers in the esophagus or stomach, including the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori. MATERIALS AND METHODS SettingThe Kalixanda study setting consisted of two neighbouring communities in Northern Sweden (Kalix and Haparanda) with 28,988 inhabitants (December 1998). The distribution of age and sex was similar to the national average in Sweden in both communities; although proportion of unemployment, income, and the proportion with a higher education were slightly lower [14]. ParticipantsBy using the computerized national population register, covering all citizens in the two communities by date of birth order, a representative stratified sample was generated. Every seventh adult (n=3,000) from the target population (18-80 years of age, n=21,610 in September 1998) was drawn. The sampled subjects were given an identification number (1-3,000) in a random order [14]. Study design and logisticsThe original study population (n=3,000) was invited by mail to take part. The invitation included information of the study design and of the aims of the study and a validated questionnaire, the Abdominal Symptom Questionnaire (ASQ) to be returned by mail [15]. Up to two remainders were sent when necessary; 140 subjects were unavailable at the time for invitation, thus 2,860 of the original study population were eligible for inclusion [14]. The overall response rate was 7...

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“…The salivary nitrate is reduced to nitrite by commensal bacteria (Actinomyces and Veillonella spp.) residing on the surface of the tongue (Tannenbaum et al, 1976;Pannala et al, 2003;Doel et al, 2005). Nitrite is then swallowed into the stomach; in this strongly acidic environment nitrite is protonated to form nitrous acid (HNO 2 ; pK a 3.15; the pK a is the pH at which 50% of the acid is dissociated), and can spontaneously give rise to the generation of NO through the following sequence of reactions: 2HNO 2 → H 2 O + N 2 O 3 and N 2 O 3 ↔ NO + NO 2 (Butler & Feelisch, 2008), or re-enters the circulation as nitrite (Benjamin et al, 1994;Lundberg et al, 1994).…”

Section: Route Of Dietary Nitrate After Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacology and therapeutic role of inorganic nitrite and nitrate in vasodilatation

Bailey

Feelisch

Horowitz

et al. 2014

Pharmacology & Therapeutics

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Nitrite has emerged as an important bioactive molecule that can be biotransformed to nitric oxide (NO) related metabolites in normoxia and reduced to NO under hypoxic and acidic conditions to exert vasodilatory effects and confer a variety of other benefits to the cardiovascular system. Abundant research is currently underway to understand the mechanisms involved and define the role of nitrite in health and disease. In this review we discuss the impact of nitrite and dietary nitrate on vascular function and the potential therapeutic role of nitrite in acute heart failure.

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The effect of nitrate intake on nitrite formation in human saliva

Cited by 360 publications

References 11 publications

Improvement in blood pressure after short-term inorganic nitrate supplementation is attenuated in cigarette smokers compared to non-smoking controls

Improvement in blood pressure after short-term inorganic nitrate supplementation is attenuated in cigarette smokers compared to non-smoking controls

Use of tobacco products and gastrointestinal morbidity: an endoscopic population-based study (the Kalixanda study)

Pharmacology and therapeutic role of inorganic nitrite and nitrate in vasodilatation

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