The Effect of Partial and Delayed Reinforcement on Resistance to Extinction

Crum, James; Wl, Brown; Bitterman, M. E.

doi:10.2307/1418669

Cited by 62 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Numerous studies with nonhumans have reported that reinforcement delay during acquisition can increase resistance to extinction (e.g., Capaldi & Bowen, 1964;Crum, Brown, & Bitterman, 1951;Fehrer, 1956;Logan, Beier, & Kincaid, 1956;E. Scott & Wike, 1956;Tombaugh, 1966).…”

Section: Basic (Nonclinical) Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a Technology for the Use of Operant Extinction in Clinical Settings: An Examination of Basic and Applied Research

Lerman

Iwata

1996

J of App Behav Analysis

189

124

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Extinction of operant behavior, which involves terminating the reinforcement contingency that maintains a response, is important to the development, generalization, and reduction of behavior in clinical settings. We review basic and applied research findings on variables that influence the direct and indirect effects of extinction and discuss the potential value of a general technology for the use of extinction. We suggest that current research findings are not sufficient for the development of a comprehensive, applied technology of extinction and provide extensive guidelines for further studies on factors that may affect the course of extinction in clinical settings.DESCRIPTORS: extinction, behavior disorders, reinforcementExtinction of operant behavior involves terminating the reinforcement contingency that maintains a response, which results in a reduction in the behavior's occurrence over time. 1 Results of basic research (e.g., Ferster & Skinner, 1957;Skinner, 1938) have revealed much about its direct and indirect effects, including a number of variables that influence the general course of responding during extinction. These findings have important implications for the use of extinction in applied settings, in which behavior is ofWe thank Marc Branch, Timothy Hackenberg, Cecil Mercer, and Betty Capaldi for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.Reprints may be obtained from

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Section: Basic (Nonclinical) Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a Technology for the Use of Operant Extinction in Clinical Settings: An Examination of Basic and Applied Research

Lerman

Iwata

1996

J of App Behav Analysis

189

124

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“…Fishes of divergent species-African mouthbreeders and goldfish-show the partial reinforcement effect in massed trials but never at all in spaced trials, even with large reward (Longo & Bitterman, 1960;Schutz & Bitterman, 1969). Although the effect is less likely to appear in classical than in instrumental conditioning, it has been found in the classical conditioning of rats and African mouthbreeders with shock as the unconditioned stimulus (Crum, Brown, & Bitterman, 1951;Gonzalez, Eskin, & Bitterman, 1963), an outcome more readily understandable in terms of carryover than ofconditioned frustration. The patterned responding that develops in rats and goldfish (Couvillon & Bitterman, 1981;Tyler, Wortz, & Bitterman, 1953) when rewarded and nonrewarded trials are singly alternated-a schedule effect characterized by Amsel (1992, p. 181) as more "primitive" than the others and inexplicable in terms of conditioned frustration-points clearly to control by carryover.…”

Section: Long-and Short-term Memorymentioning

confidence: 94%

Amsel’s analysis of reward-schedule effects

Bitterman¹

1994

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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“…Specifically, basic research on concurrent schedules has demonstrated that pigeons show greater response allocation to keys associated with mixed delays than to those associated with a constant delay (Chelonis, King, Logue, & Tobin, 1994;Cicerone, 1976). Furthermore, intermittent or partial delays appear to increase resistance to extinction, whereas constant delays appear to weaken resistance (Crum, Brown, & Bitterman, 1951;Nevin, 1974;Tombaugh, 1966). Thus, there are numerous factors to consider in the arrangement of delayed reinforcement for establishing and maintaining an appropriate alternative response in the context of aberrant behavior.…”

Section: Basic Research Related To Delayed Reinforcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Interventions That Include Delayed Reinforcement: Implications of Recent Laboratory Research

Stromer

McComas

Rehfeldt

2000

J of App Behav Analysis

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The search for robust and durable interventions in everyday situations typically involves the use of delayed reinforcers, sometimes delivered well after a target behavior occurs. Integrating the findings from laboratory research on delayed reinforcement can contribute to the design and analysis of those applied interventions. As illustrations, we examine articles from the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior that analyzed delayed reinforcement with respect to response allocation (A. M. Williams & Lattal, 1999), stimulus chaining (B. A. Williams, 1999), and self‐control (Jackson & Hackenberg, 1996). These studies help to clarify the conditions under which delayed reinforcement (a) exercises control of behavior, (b) entails conditioned reinforcement, and (c) displaces the effects of immediate reinforcement. The research has applied implications, including the development of positive social behavior and teaching people to make adaptive choices.

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The Effect of Partial and Delayed Reinforcement on Resistance to Extinction

Cited by 62 publications

References 0 publications

Developing a Technology for the Use of Operant Extinction in Clinical Settings: An Examination of Basic and Applied Research

Developing a Technology for the Use of Operant Extinction in Clinical Settings: An Examination of Basic and Applied Research

Amsel’s analysis of reward-schedule effects

Designing Interventions That Include Delayed Reinforcement: Implications of Recent Laboratory Research

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