The effect of pumice and clay composition in natural rubber-ethylene propylene diene monomer blends towards its curing characteristics and physic-mechanical properties

Abstract

Since some adverse effects of using carbon black as petroleum-based filler in rubber compounding, mineral fillers may be a feasible alternative filler. This research studied the effect of the composition of pumice and clay as mineral filler in natural rubber (NR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) blending towards its curing characteristics and physical-mechanical properties. The effect of reinforced filled in EPDM-NR (70/30) phr blends was observed by varying 50, 70, and 90 phr of filler. While the filler was designed as the composition of pumice/clay (P/C): 20/80; 50/50; 80:20 (weight/weight). The rubber, fillers, and chemical were compounded based on ASTM D-3182. The results showed that the loading of P/C fillers in EPDM-NR blends increased scorch time and decreased cure rate index. It was found that the optimum number of filler could enhance density, modulus. Remarkably, the higher pumice composition caused the abrasion resistance and compression set improved significantly, whereas the overloading pumice and clay cause the physic-mechanical properties remained stable or evenly drop. FTIR spectra of the binary blends confirmed that the fine fillers dispersion was obtained due to some interaction bonding between silanol, aluminol of fillers with the EPDM-NR.

Effect of low-temperature plasma-treated bentonite on rubber compounds properties

“…Based on the graphical results (Figure 4), it can be deduced that the prepared rubber compounds (Ben_10, Ben_20, Ben_30 and Ben/P_10 Ben/P_20 and Ben/P_30) exhibited decreased minimum torque (M L ) values compared to the M L values of the reference compound R. This decrease can be attributed to the observed reduction in viscosity in the rubber compounds [1,20]. Among the rubber compounds tested, the Ben_20 and Ben_30 compounds showed the lowest minimum torque (M L ) values.…”

“…Achieving progress in these areas requires a delicate balance, as improvements in one aspect can potentially impact another. One commonly used filler for reinforcing rubber is carbon black, which is well-known for its considerable influence on the dynamic mechanical properties [1,2]. Fillers are incorporated into polymer systems to enhance mechanical strength, electrical or thermal properties, or to reduce costs of expensive polymer systems while minimizing significant alterations to the rheological characteristics of the material [3,4].…”

“…As an alterna-tive, researchers have explored various mineral deposits from the earth that can serve as both reinforcing and non-reinforcing fillers in rubber compounds. One such filler studied is clay, which can be sourced from minerals like montmorillonite, kaolinite, or quartz [1,5]. Clay minerals can be described as naturally occurring, crystalline substances with a fine particle size (less than 2 μm).…”

Partial replacement of silica by naturally occurring pumice powder for enhancing mechanical and thermal properties of nitrile rubber cured by electron beam irradiation

“…Also from Figure 3, it can be seen that the partial replacement of silica by pumice powder leads to relatively increase of TS values, especially at 5 phr from pumice powder (25 phr silica) because of pumice and silica has hydroxyl groups that may enhance the rubber filler networking due to the hydrogen bonding and Van Der Waals effect. The overload pumice and silica cause the aggregation of the filler and some chemicals may agglomerate due to the presence of excessive filler cause decreasing the rate of curing due to the less mobility of the curative agent in highly dense of NBR, pumice and silica (Susanto et al, 2020;Alipour et al, 2011;Vishvanathperumal and Gopalakannan, 2019). Figure 5 shows the effect of radiation dose on the elongation at break (E%) of the above mentioned samples.…”

“…Although exceptions are known, pumice is often characterized by great homogeneity as well (Bouvet de Maisonneuve et al , 2009). As reported by Nabil and Ismail (2014), Alex and Nah (2006), Susanto et al (2020), pumice and clay were studied due to the physical and chemical properties of those minerals that may be reinforced filler in rubber compounding. Montmorillonite, bentonite and other clay commonly used as filler in rubber compounding (Alipour et al , 2011; Salam et al , 2015; Bahri, 2015; Vishvanathperumal and Gopalakannan, 2019).…”