The Effect of Stem Cells as an Adjuvant on the Immunogenicity of a Potential Anti-Schistosomal Vaccine in Mice

Parasitologists United Journal

Al-Hoot

Sharaf

et al. 2019

Schistosomiasis is caused by blood flukes including all Schistosoma species. It affects about 207 million persons in 76 countries across the world, and is more prevalent in developing countries where about 800 million people are at the risk of schistosomiasis [1]. Following oviposition, schistosomes eggs that failed to exit with either urine or stools are carried back into the liver to be lodged in the pre-sinusoidal capillaries. The eggs are in intimate contact with the capillary endothelium before and during the generation of the granulomatous response [2]. Schistosoma miracidium inside the ovum secretes glycoprotein antigens that pass through microscopic pores within the egg shell, so are called SEA. These antigens elicit a vigorous immune response that encapsulates the ova in pre-granuloma collagen fibers and immune cells, predominantly eosinophils and macrophages. The granuloma formation presents a barrier to sequester egg toxicity and antigenicity. Fibrosis of granulation tissues leads to disturbance of hepatic parenchymal architecture including its vasculature [3]. Despite portal vascular impairment, it was found that the total hepatic blood flow remained within normal limits with normal parenchymal cell perfusion, accompanied by absent gross changes in hepatic function tests. This was attributed to hepatic neovascular formation in the

Section: Groups Central Vein Congestion Hepatic Sinusoids Congestion supporting

confidence: 83%

Modelling approaches to predict and evaluate schistosomiasis immunization utilizing SEA loaded on chitosan nanoparticles via liver tissue differentiation and angiogenesis

Parasitologists United Journal

Al-Hoot

Sharaf

et al. 2019

“…We found that modified SWAP loaded on CSNPs, either alone or combined, had a greater impact against challenge of S. mansoni (groups 4 and 5), more than when using FCA with crude SWAP (group 3). Similar results were obtained by Etewa et al, (45) who used mesenchymal stem cells as an adjuvant for a potential anti-schistosomal vaccine in murine models.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

A potential prophylactic strategy of anti-schistosomal immunization using nanotechnology in murine models

Parasitologists United Journal

Al-Hoot

Sharaf

et al. 2018

Background: The emergence of chemotherapy resistant schistosomes necessitates finding new prophylaxis strategies based on immunization by using a modified vaccine candidate. Objective: To assess the potential of an anti-schistosomal vaccine modified by nanotechnology. Material and Methods: Soluble adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP) either crude or/and loaded on chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were used. The anti-schistosomal impact was assessed in terms of stools egg count, worm burden and ultrastructural study of juvenile and adult schistosomes. Results: Chitosan nanoparticles potentiated SWAP efficacy to exceed the impact of crude SWAP. The combination of SWAP loaded on CSNPs and crude SWAP showed the best immunization effects regarding adult worm number and fecundity, as well as morphological and tegumental distortion of juvenile than adult stages. Conclusion: Modified SWAP on CSNPs gave better results in anti-schistosome immunization than crude SWAP. Immunization by combining different antigens gave the best results.

“…MSCs were experimentally tested for schistosomiasis in both immunization [42] and medication [43]. Etewa et al [42] reported that MSCs as an adjuvant with crude soluble egg antigen (SEA) (a potential anti-schistosomal vaccine) improved their capabilities with a substantial difference compared to FCA with SEA and dramatically reduced the fibrosis dangers of schistosomiasis in murine livers. Moreover, MSCs play a significant role in host defense to malaria by modulating regulatory T cells [44].…”

Section: C) Results Of the Immunohistochemical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Stem Cells on Parenteral Phase of Experimental Trichinosis during Vaccination Trial

Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases

Mohammad

Saleh

et al. 2020

Background and study aim: Trichinellosis is a severe food-borne parasitic zoonosis. The protective immunity against infection from crude larval antigens (CLA) was performed effectively which suggests that the whole larvae would be possible vaccine candidates. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM MSCs) induce immunomodulatory impacts through affection of T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Methods: Ninety healthy mice were divided into five main groups, 10 mice each, 30 mice were for attaining BM MSCs and 10 mice for CLA preparation. Group 1 & 2 as control, Group 3: immunized with CLA then infected, Group 4: immunized with MSCs then infected. Group 5 immunized with CLA and MSCs then infected. Mice were challenged by orally infective dose with 500 Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) larvae. Results: Showed that significant reduction in the number of T. spiralis larvae was in group 5 (received CLA + MSCs) followed by group 3 (received CLA only) then group 4 (received MSCs only) with percentage reductions of 85.4 %, 82 % and 68.9 %, respectively. G2 (infected only) showed absence of CD8+ infiltration. G3 showed moderate density of CD8+ infiltration, G4 and G5 showed high density CD8+ infiltration. However, muscle sections from G2 showed high density of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) infiltration; G3 showed moderate density of TNFα infiltration; G4 showed very low density of TNFα infiltration and G5 showed complete absence of TNFα infiltration. Conclusion: We concluded that immunization by CLA combined with BM MSCs as adjuvant generated T-helper type 2 (Th2)-mediated responses with increased CD8+ cell infiltration and decreased TNF-α required for immunity against trichinellosis with a 85.4% reduction in muscle larvae compared with the control group.