The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the soleus H reflex during human walking

Petersen, N.; Christensen, L. O. D.; Nielsen, Jens Bo

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.599bb.x

Cited by 110 publications

(136 citation statements)

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“…In all likelihood, there are other systems that may modulate the corticospinal transmission at the level of the corticospinal terminals, although at present, we have no knowledge of such systems. Nevertheless, because our findings are essentially similar to those obtained by Petersen et al (1998), we believe that increased cortical excitability is the most likely explanation of the larger short-latency facilitation in the early part of downstroke during bicycling.…”

Section: Evidence For Increased Corticospinal Transmission In Early Dsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…In previous studies (Nielsen and Petersen 1995;Petersen et al 1998; see also Baldissera et al 1993;Mazzocchio et al 1994), it has been argued that the shortlatency facilitation of the H reflex produced by TMS reflects transmission in the fast conducting monosynaptic pathway to the spinal motoneurons. As argued by , it is unlikely that any other pathway influences the size of the facilitation within the initial 0.5-1.0 ms after its onset.…”

Section: Evidence For Increased Corticospinal Transmission In Early Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several groups have studied the modulation of cutaneous and muscular reflexes during the gait cycle (reviewed in Dietz 1996;Zehr and Stein 1999), and recently Sinkjaer et al (2000) have provided evidence that feedback in muscle afferents via spinal interneurons contributes to the activation of soleus motoneurons in the stance phase of walking. Corticospinal function has been investigated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex during treadmill walking by several groups (Capaday et al 1999;Petersen et al 1998Petersen et al , 2001Schubert et al 1997Schubert et al , 1999. One of the main findings from these studies is that the corticospinal tract appears to contribute to the muscle activity during uncomplicated treadmill walking (Petersen et al , 2001) but, as in the cat, may have its main role in relation to visually guided walking (Schubert et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulation of Transmission in the Corticospinal and Group Ia Afferent Pathways to Soleus Motoneurons During Bicycling

Pyndt

Nielsen

2003

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Pyndt, H. S. and J. B. Nielsen. Modulation of transmission in the corticospinal and group Ia afferent pathways to soleus motoneurons during bicycling. J Neurophysiol 89: 304 -314, 2003. 10.1152/jn.00386.2002. Transmission in the corticospinal and Ia pathways to soleus motoneurons was investigated in healthy human subjects during bicycling. Soleus H reflexes and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) after transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were modulated similarly during the crank cycle being large during downstroke [concomitant with soleus background electromyographic (EMG) activity] and small during upstroke. Tibialis anterior MEPs were in contrast large during upstroke and small during downstroke. The soleus H reflexes and MEPs were also recorded during tonic plantarflexion at a similar ankle joint position, corresponding ankle angle, and matched background EMG activity as during the different phases of bicycling. Relative to their size during tonic plantarflexion, the MEPs were found to be facilitated in the early part of downstroke during bicycling, whereas the H reflexes were depressed in the late part of downstroke. The intensity of TMS was decreased below MEP threshold and used to condition the soleus H reflex. At short intervals (conditioning-test intervals of Ϫ3 to Ϫ1 ms), TMS produced a facilitation of the H reflex that is in all likelihood caused by activation of the fast monosynaptic corticospinal pathway. This facilitation was significantly larger in the early part of downstroke during bicycling than during tonic plantarflexion. This suggests that the increased MEP during downstroke was caused by changes in transmission in the fast monosynaptic corticospinal pathway. To investigate whether the depression of H reflexes in the late part of downstroke was caused by increased presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents, the soleus H reflex was conditioned by stimulation of the femoral nerve. At a short interval (conditioning-test interval: Ϫ7 to Ϫ5 ms), the femoral nerve stimulation produced a facilitation of the H reflex that is mediated by the heteronymous monosynaptic Ia pathway from the femoral nerve to soleus motoneurons. Within the initial 0.5 ms after its onset, the size of this facilitation depends on the level of presynaptic inhibition of the Ia afferents, which mediate the facilitation. The size of the facilitation was strongly depressed in the late part of downstroke, compared with the early part of downstroke, suggesting that increased presynaptic inhibition was indeed responsible for the depression of the H reflex. These findings suggest that there is a selectively increased transmission in the fast monosynaptic corticospinal pathway to soleus motoneurons in early downstroke during bicycling. It would seem likely that one cause of this is increased excitability of the involved cortical neurons. The increased presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents in late downstroke may be of importance for depression of stretch reflex activity before and during upstroke.

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Section: Evidence For Increased Corticospinal Transmission In Early Dsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Evidence For Increased Corticospinal Transmission In Early Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulation of Transmission in the Corticospinal and Group Ia Afferent Pathways to Soleus Motoneurons During Bicycling

Pyndt

Nielsen

2003

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…However, in human infants, the difficulty of evoking motor responses through electrical stimulation of the rostral PrG does not seem consistent with the existence of early mature descending projections (15,16). Also, in adults, transcranial magnetic stimulation studies have suggested, in apparent contrast with monkey data, that late-maturing corticomotoneural cells are present in the human rostral PrG (17,18).…”

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confidence: 48%

Neural representations of ethologically relevant hand/mouth synergies in the human precentral gyrus

Desmurget

Richard

Harquel

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Complex motor responses are often thought to result from the combination of elemental movements represented at different neural sites. However, in monkeys, evidence indicates that some behaviors with critical ethological value, such as self-feeding, are represented as motor primitives in the precentral gyrus (PrG). In humans, such primitives have not yet been described. This could reflect well-known interspecies differences in the organization of sensorimotor regions (including PrG) or the difficulty of identifying complex neural representations in peroperative settings. To settle this alternative, we focused on the neural bases of hand/mouth synergies, a prominent example of human behavior with high ethological value. By recording motor-and somatosensory-evoked potentials in the PrG of patients undergoing brain surgery (2-60 y), we show that two complex nested neural representations can mediate hand/mouth actions within this structure: (i) a motor representation, resembling self-feeding, where electrical stimulation causes the closing hand to approach the opening mouth, and (ii) a motor-sensory representation, likely associated with perioral exploration, where cross-signal integration is accomplished at a cortical site that generates hand/arm actions while receiving mouth sensory inputs. The first finding extends to humans' previous observations in monkeys. The second provides evidence that complex neural representations also exist for perioral exploration, a finely tuned skill requiring the combination of motor and sensory signals within a common control loop. These representations likely underlie the ability of human children and newborns to accurately produce coordinated hand/mouth movements, in an otherwise general context of motor immaturity.motor cortex | motor synergies | brain mapping | cortical stimulation

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“…However, at comfortable speed, vestibulospinal control is less than during slow or fast speed (Hirasaki et al 1999;Jahn et al 2000). Given the powerful cortical control of ankle muscles during walking (Petersen et al 1998(Petersen et al , 2001, it might be possible that the activation of midbrain structures by primary motor cortex contributes to the depression of group II crossed action. Alternatively, the depression occurred when the opposite leg was in the swing phase and soleus was stretched.…”

Section: Possible Mechanisms and Functional Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Task-related modulation of crossed spinal inhibition between human lower limbs

Hanna-Boutros

Sangari

Karasu

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Hanna-Boutros B, Sangari S, Karasu A, Giboin LS, MarchandPauvert V. Task-related modulation of crossed spinal inhibition between human lower limbs. J Neurophysiol 111: 1865-1876, 2014. First published February 5, 2014 doi:10.1152/jn.00838.2013.-Crossed reflex action mediated by muscle spindle afferent inputs has recently been revealed in humans. This raised the question of whether a complex spinal network involving commissural interneurons receiving inputs from proprioceptors and suprasegmental structures, as described in cats, persists in humans and contributes to the interlimb coordination during movement. First, we investigated the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying crossed reflex action between ankle plantar flexors and its corticospinal control from primary motor cortex. Second, we studied its modulation during motor tasks. We observed crossed inhibition in contralateral soleus motoneurons occurring with about 3 ms central latency, which is consistent with spinal transmission through oligosynaptic pathway. The early phase of inhibition was evoked with lower stimulus intensity than the late phase, suggesting mediation by group I and group II afferents, respectively. The postsynaptic origin of crossed inhibition is confirmed by the finding that both H-reflex and motor-evoked potential were reduced upon conditioning stimulation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over ipsilateral and contralateral primary motor cortex reduced crossed inhibition, especially its late group II part. Last, late group II crossed inhibition was particularly depressed during motor tasks, especially when soleus was activated during the walking stance phase. Our results suggest that both group I and group II commissural interneurons participate in crossed reflex actions between ankle plantar flexors. Neural transmission at this level is depressed by descending inputs activated by transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex or during movement. The specific modulation of group II crossed inhibition suggests control from monoaminergic midbrain structures and its role for interlimb coordination during locomotion.H-reflex; TMS; commissural interneurons; corticospinal; locomotion SEVERAL SPINAL PATHWAYS INVOLVING commissural interneurons mediate crossed reflex actions from proprioceptors. In cat lumbar cord, these pathways are closely interconnected and incorporated into complex networks coordinating muscle activity on both sides (Jankowska 2008).

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The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the soleus H reflex during human walking

Cited by 110 publications

References 43 publications

Modulation of Transmission in the Corticospinal and Group Ia Afferent Pathways to Soleus Motoneurons During Bicycling

Modulation of Transmission in the Corticospinal and Group Ia Afferent Pathways to Soleus Motoneurons During Bicycling

Neural representations of ethologically relevant hand/mouth synergies in the human precentral gyrus

Task-related modulation of crossed spinal inhibition between human lower limbs

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