The effect of various in-vitro and ex-vivo parameters on irrigant flow and apical pressure using manual syringe needle irrigation: Systematic review

Periapical Healing following Root Canal Treatment Using Different Endodontic Sealers: A Systematic Review

“…The most critical factor in treating the periapical lesion is optimizing the shape of the canal biomechanically. This is to ensure a sufficient penetration of irrigants into the apical third of the root canal system [30]. A canal that is insufficiently shaped might lead to unsatisfactory healing of microbial load.…”

Assessment of apical pressures at different automated irrigant flow rates: an ex vivo study based on computational fluid dynamic analysis

“…The needle length, internal and external diameter were standardised to Dext= 320 micrometer, Dint= 196 micrometer, length= 31 mm [17]. As previous studies have proved that the recorded higher pressure values at the apical most part of the root canal [11], so, our study primarily focused on assessing the recorded apical pressure values at different automated irrigant flow rates (1 ml/min, 4 ml/min, 6 ml/min and 12 ml/ min) respectively. Hence the needle position was standardised by placing it 3 mm short of the estimated working length, which was based on the previous computational fluid dynamic analysis based study [16].…”

“…The irrigant should also effectively cleanse the root canal system, and reach the corners where the instrument cannot reach [10]. So, to understand the realtime irrigation dynamics in root canals, the computational fluid dynamic analysis seems to be the most assessed and reliable tool [11]. Previous in-vitro and ex vivo studies analysed the irrigation dynamics using manual syringe needles and claimed that fluid velocity, the turbulence of the liquid, lateral shear wall stress, play a major role in inducing the dynamic forces in the root canal system [11].…”

“…So, to understand the realtime irrigation dynamics in root canals, the computational fluid dynamic analysis seems to be the most assessed and reliable tool [11]. Previous in-vitro and ex vivo studies analysed the irrigation dynamics using manual syringe needles and claimed that fluid velocity, the turbulence of the liquid, lateral shear wall stress, play a major role in inducing the dynamic forces in the root canal system [11]. Nevertheless, the physical and physiological dynamic flow of the irrigant should never cross the optimal limits [11].…”

“…Previous in-vitro and ex vivo studies analysed the irrigation dynamics using manual syringe needles and claimed that fluid velocity, the turbulence of the liquid, lateral shear wall stress, play a major role in inducing the dynamic forces in the root canal system [11]. Nevertheless, the physical and physiological dynamic flow of the irrigant should never cross the optimal limits [11]. Especially there is evidence from systematic review literature, stating the possible irrigant extrusion using syringe needle irrigation, causing the debilitating sodium hypochlorite accidents [12].…”