The effect on nitrogen utilization in the sow of variation in dietary protein concentration and pattern of feeding in pregnancy

Pike, I. H.

doi:10.1017/s0021859600022826

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The linear increase in N retention with increasing dietary protein is similar to that reported by Miller et al (1969) and Jones and Maxwell (1974) in early gestation and by Jones and Maxwell (1982) throughout gestation. The energy effect is consistent with the findings of Pike (1970), who observed an increase in N retention with increasing energy levels in gestating swine. In a review by Munro (1964), studies with adult rats, dogs and humans showed that within limits, additional energy resuited in an increased N retention of 2 to 4 mg of N/kcal of energy.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Influence of Protein Intake, Energy Intake and Stage of Gestation on Growth, Reproductive Performance, Nitrogen Balance and Carcass Composition in Gestating Gilts

Willis

Maxwell

1984

Journal of Animal Science

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Thirty-six crossbred gilts were fed three levels of protein (146, 255 and 364 g/d) and two levels of energy (6,200 and 7,440 kcal of digestible energy/d) throughout gestation in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Five-day N balance studies were conducted in early (0 to 30 d), mid- (30 to 60 d) and late (60 to 90 d) gestation. At slaughter (90 d of gestation), reproductive tracts were weighed and evaluated for reproductive performance and samples of the reproductive tract, liver and semimembranosus muscle (SM) were analyzed for crude protein. The right half of the carcass was subjected to a physical separation of fat, lean and bone. Neither dietary protein nor energy level significantly affected weight gain or reproductive performance. Nitrogen retention increased as dietary protein level increased and stage of gestation progressed (linear effect, P less than .01), but efficiency of N utilization and dry matter digestibility decreased with increasing protein intakes (quadratic effect, P less than .05 and linear effect, P less than .01, respectively). Nitrogen retention (P less than .01), efficiency of N retention (P less than .05) and dry matter digestibility (P less than .01) were higher in gilts fed high (H) energy compared with gilts receiving moderate (M) energy diets. Increasing dietary protein increased total carcass separable lean tissue (quadratic effect, P less than .01), liver weight (linear effect P less than .01) SM weight (quadratic effect, P less than .05) and SM percentage M (linear effect P less than .10). Similarly, total carcass N and carcass lean N increased as protein level increased (quadratic effect, P less than .10, P less than .05, respectively). In contrast to the increase in muscle N, N in uterine tissue and fluids was not affected by dietary protein level. The results of this experiment suggest that 146 g of crude protein/d during gestation is just as effective as higher levels of crude protein for litter size or storage of N in reproductive tissue, but 255 to 364 g of protein/d are required to maximize muscle N.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Influence of Protein Intake, Energy Intake and Stage of Gestation on Growth, Reproductive Performance, Nitrogen Balance and Carcass Composition in Gestating Gilts

Willis

Maxwell

1984

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Nevertheless this rate of intake would seem to have met the minimum protein and lysine requirements in our experiment for maximum litter productivity and the evidence of Frobish, Speer & Hays (1966) showed that as little as 182 g protein per day did not depress the number of live pigs farrowed. Pike (1970) observed no change in litter size when a diet containing white fish meal and providing 526 g protein replaced a vegetable protein diet providing 284 g protein. The negative response to additional protein may have been partly the consequence of the low gestation feeding scale in treatment hL-hH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

The response of breeding sows and gilts to two levels of protein and food intake over several parities

Frape¹,

Wilkinson²,

Chubb³

et al. 1971

J. Agric. Sci.

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An experiment, involving 68 female pigs, was undertaken to measure the effects of two diets differing in protein content, and of two patterns of feeding. The animals were housed in an enclosed building. The experiment extended through several parities; culled sows were replaced by gilts during the experiment, the whole course of which lasted 5 years.The diets were given at the rate of 1-8 or 2-3 kg per day throughout gestation, but the rate was reversed during the 5-week lactation so that, for litters of eight to nine pigs sows in each treatment group received the same quantity of food per parity. As a result of unsatisfactory performance, dietary composition was changed after 2 years so that for the last 3 years the digestible energy contents were higher.Treatments significantly influenced gestation live-weight gain, lactation weight loss and gestation backfat gain. The lower rate of gestation feeding was associated with low or negative gestation weight increases after the third to fourth litters, and a greater apparent rate of decline with increasing age in birth and 3-week weight per piglet. The high gestation, low lactation, rates of feeding led to slightly greater litter size and lower weaning weights per pig. A daily intake of 208 g crude protein and 8'3 g lysine appeared to meet the sow's requirements throughout gestation.In the pregnant sow feeding area, winter air temperatures were on average 16 °C below those in the summer, but were rarely below freezing point. Winter backfat gain was lower than, and gestation gain only half that in the summer. Litter size was also greater following summer pregnancies and 3-week weight per pig was greater following winter pregnancies. Independent of litter size, birth and 3-week weight per pig were positively correlated with gestation gain within treatment and season. The apparent positive correlation of litter size at 3 weeks with gestation backfat and weight gain was not found at birth. Litter size at birth was negatively correlated with gestation gain within season. The percentage of fertile matingswas less for matings between 1 September and 31 January. This coincided approximately with the reduced litter size (alive) which occurred following winter gestations.Lactation weight loss and 3-week weight per pig declined with increasing age of sow and the degree of weight loss was unrelated to subsequent litter size.The apparent effect of seasons and treatments on litter size at birth appeared not to be an obvious function of changes in live weight, which were also marked between seasons and treatments, but level of food intake in early gestation may have affected litter size independently. It was concluded that birth weight especially in the older sows, was associated with the rate of food intake in gestation, and possibly also in lactation, and with gestation empty weight gain.

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Advances in Pig Technology

Rérat¹

1976

Meat Animals

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The effect on nitrogen utilization in the sow of variation in dietary protein concentration and pattern of feeding in pregnancy

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Influence of Protein Intake, Energy Intake and Stage of Gestation on Growth, Reproductive Performance, Nitrogen Balance and Carcass Composition in Gestating Gilts

Influence of Protein Intake, Energy Intake and Stage of Gestation on Growth, Reproductive Performance, Nitrogen Balance and Carcass Composition in Gestating Gilts

The response of breeding sows and gilts to two levels of protein and food intake over several parities

Advances in Pig Technology

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